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Unit 5 Biology > B1 Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

B1 Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What does the cardiovascular system consist of?

A

The heart, blood vessels and blood.

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2
Q

Why is the mammalian circulatory system described as a double circulatory system?

A

Blood passes through the heart twice on one circuit of the body.
Pulmonary circuit: Heart to lungs and back
Systemic circuit: Hear to body and back

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3
Q

Why does blood move around the body?

A

There is a pressure difference/gradient between higher pressure in the heart and lower pressure in the blood vessels. This is an example of mass flow.

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4
Q

Define the term myogenic.

A

The cardiac muscle will beat/contract without any nervous stimulation.

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5
Q

What are the four chambers of the heart called?

A

Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle

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6
Q

Describe the role of the septum.

A

Separates out the left/right sides of the heart, preventing oxygenated and deoxygenated blood from mixing.

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7
Q

Which vessel does blood pass through to go from the heart to the body?

A

Aorta

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8
Q

Which vessel does blood pass through to go from the body to the heart?

A

Vena cava

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9
Q

Which vessel does blood pass through to go from the heart to the lungs?

A

Pulmonary artery

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10
Q

Which vessel does blood pass through to go from the lungs to the heart?

A

Pulmonary vein

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11
Q

Name the valve between the right atrium and right ventricle and describe it’s role.

A

Tricuspid valve. It prevents backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium.

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12
Q

Name the valve between the left atrium and left ventricle and describe it’s role.

A

Bicuspid valve. It prevents backflow of blood from the ventricle into the atrium.

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13
Q

Compare and contrast the structure of an artery and a vein

A
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14
Q

State and explain 3 adaptations of cardiac muscle

A

Myogenic - can contract without stimulation

Many mitochondria - energy release via aerobic respiration

Does not become fatigued - allows for continuous contraction

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15
Q

State two safety precautions you may take when carrying out a heart dissection.

A
  1. Wash hands/disinfect surfaces at the end
  2. Cut on a hard surface
  3. Cut away from yourself
  4. Carry blades with point facing downwards
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16
Q

How do you calculate cardiac output? What are the units?

A

Cardiac Output = Stroke Volume x Heart Rated

Units: dm3min-1

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17
Q

Define the stroke volume

A

The volume of blood that leaves the left ventricle in one cardiac cycle/beat

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18
Q

Define the term myogenic

A

Contracts without any nervous stimulation/input from the brain

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19
Q

Which part of the heart is known as the internal/natural pacemaker?

A

The Sinoatrial Node (SAN)

20
Q

Why is it important that there is a delay between atrial and ventricular systole?

A

It allows the atria to completely empty and for the ventricles to fill before they contract.

21
Q

How is atrial systole initiated?

A

The SAN fires an impulse, the wave of activity travels across the walls of both atria, causing them to contract simultaneously

22
Q

How is ventricular systole initiated?

A

The AVN fires an electrical impulse. The wave of activity passes down the Bundle of His and along the Purkynje fibres, causing both ventricles to contract from the base upwards, simultaneously.

23
Q

What type of medical exam looks at electrical activity in the heart?

A

An electrocardiogram (ECG)

24
Q

What is the normal range for resting heart rate?
What is it called when the heart rate is too high/too low?

A

60-100 bpm

Too high: Tachycardia
Too low: Bradycardia

25
Q

Define the terms diastole and systole.

A

Diastole means relaxation
Systole means contraction

26
Q

What causes the first and second sound that we hear when we listen using a stethoscope?

A

The first sound/lub: Closing of the bi and tricuspid valves

The second sound/dub:
Closing of the semilunar valves

27
Q

What is the role of the muscle layer in blood vessels?

A

Contracts and relaxes to increase/decrease pressure

28
Q

What is the role of the elastic layer in blood vessels?

A

Stretches and recoils to smooth out changes in pressure

29
Q

Which is the only cell layer present in the capillaries?

A

Endothelial layer

30
Q

State and describe three adaptations of the capillaries for exchange

A
  1. Numerous and branched - increased surface area for diffusion
  2. Narrow diameter - ensures RBC contact with wall to increase rate of diffusion
  3. Gaps/fenestrations - allow tissue fluid to form and WBC to pass through
31
Q

State 4 risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease.

A
  1. Genetics
  2. Age
  3. Gender
  4. Diet
  5. High LDL cholesterol
  6. High blood pressure
  7. Smoking
  8. Inactivity
32
Q

What effect do antihypertensives have?

A

They reduce blood pressure to reduce risk of CVD

33
Q

How does a stent work?

A

It presses the blockage against the artery wall, which reopens/widens the lumen allowing blood to flow

34
Q

What effect do statins have?

A

They reduce blood cholesterol levels, to reduce build up of fatty deposits in artery walls

35
Q

What are some of the downsides of a heart transplant?

A
  1. Involves needing to take immunosuppressants for life
  2. Risks associated with anesthesia
  3. Risk of infection in surgical wounds
  4. Wait time for an organ donor
36
Q

What happens during the following ECG segments?
1. P wave
2. QRS complex
3. T wave

A
  1. P wave - electrical impulse produced in the SAN causes atrial systole
  2. QRS complex - large electrical impulse produced in the AVN causes ventricular systole
  3. T wave - rest/reset phase, also known as repolarisation. Cardiac diastole.
37
Q

What is blood composed of?

A
  1. Red Blood cells
  2. White Blood cells
  3. Platelets
  4. Plasma
38
Q

What are the four main blood types?

A

A, B, AB and O

39
Q

What determines a person’s blood group?

A

The presence/absence of antigens on the surface of the cells

40
Q

What is the rule about blood group antigens and antibodies, and why?

A

A person will NOT have the matching antigens and antibodies, because otherwise agglutination would occur.

41
Q

Which blood group has NO antigens?

A

O-

42
Q

Which blood group would have THREE antigens?

A

AB+

43
Q

Describe the Rhesus system of blood grouping.

A

People can be Rh+ which means they have the antigen on their RBCs, or Rh- which means they do not.

44
Q

Which group is described as the universal donor group?

A

Group O-

45
Q

Which group is the universal recipient group?

A

Group AB+

Unit 5 Biology (4 decks)

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