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T level Laboratory Science > B1 Biology Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

B1 Biology Cells and Tissues Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the 3 principles of cell theory?

A
  • all living things are made up of one or more cells
  • cells are the most basic unit of structure and function in all living things
  • all cells are created by pre-existing cells
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2
Q

What are the two different types of cells?

A
  • eukaryotic cells
  • prokaryotic cells
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3
Q

What is the structure of a cell surface membrane?

A

phospholipid bilayer with proteins

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4
Q

what is the function of a cell surface membrane?

A

It controls entry and exit of substances into and out of the cell

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5
Q

what is the structure of a nucleus?

A
  • nuclear envelope that is a double membrane that contains nuclear pores
  • contains DNA
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6
Q

what is the structure of a chromosome?

A

DNA wraps around histones to form chromatin which coils to form chromosomes

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7
Q

what is the function of a nucleus?

A

to manage the cells genetic material and produce ribosomes in the nucleolus

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8
Q

what is the structure of a mitochondrion?

A
  • double membrane
  • inner membrane is folded to form cristae
  • fluid interior is the matrix
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9
Q

what is the function of a mitochondrion?

A

the site of cellular respiration

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10
Q

what is the structure of a ribosome?

A

constructed of RNA molecules

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11
Q

what is the function of a ribosome?

A

the site of protein synthesis

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12
Q

what is the structure of a rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a network of membranes of flattened sacs called cisternae, ribosomes are bound to the surface

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13
Q

what is the function of a rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

responsible for the synthesis and transport of proteins

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14
Q

what is the structure of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a network of membranes of flattened sacs called cisternae, does not contain any ribosomes

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15
Q

what is the function of a smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

it is responsible for lipid and carbohydrates synthesis and storage

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16
Q

what is the structure of a golgi apparatus?

A

a compact structure formed of cisternae, does not contain any ribosomes

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17
Q

what is the function of a golgi apparatus?

A

modifying proteins and ‘packaging’ then into vesicles

18
Q

What are the types of golgi vesicles?

A
  • lysosomes (which stay in the golgi apparatus)
  • secretory vesicles
19
Q

what is the function of a secretory vesicle?

A

to carry their contents to the plasma membrane where they can be released to the outside of the cell

20
Q

what is the structure of a centriole?

A

made of tubulin

21
Q

what is the function of a centriole?

A
  • formation of the spindle in mitosis
  • formation of cilia and flagella
22
Q

what is the function of a cytoskeleton?

A

controls cell movement and the movement of organelles within cells and helps to hold organelles in place

23
Q

what is the structure of a lysosome?

A

a collection of enzymes surrounded by a single-layer membrane

24
Q

what is the function of a lysosome?

A

use their digestive enzymes to break down worn out cell components

25
Q

what is the structure of a chloroplast?

A
  • a double membrane structure with
  • internal fluid called stroma
  • internal network of membranes containing flattened sacs called thylakoids
  • lots of thylakoids stacked together are called granum
  • granum (plural grana) contains the chlorophyll pigments
  • contain DNA and ribosomes
26
Q

what is the function of a chloroplast?

A

responsible for photosynthesis in plant cells
- able to make their own proteins

27
Q

what is the structure of a cell wall?

A

made of cellulose, are permeable (substances can pass in and out), rigid.

28
Q

what is the function of a cell wall?

A

gives the plant cell shape and acts as a defence mechanism by protecting the contents of the cell.

29
Q

what is the structure of a cell vacuole?

A

membrane lined sacs in the cytoplasm containing cell sap, membrane is called tonoplast which is selectively permeable

30
Q

what is the function of a vacuole?

A

to make sure all the contents of the cell push against the cell wall and maintain a rigid framework to ensure turgor pressure

31
Q

what is the difference in overall cell shape between plant and animal cells?

A
  • plant cells have a cell wall and cell-surface membranes which gives them their rectangular cell shape
  • animal cells only have a cell surface-membrane and no cell wall
32
Q

what organelles do plant cells and animal cells both have?

A
  • Ribosome
  • Mitochondria
  • Cell-surface membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
  • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Nucleus
  • Golgi apparatus
33
Q

what organelles do plant cells and animal cells not have in common?

A

animal cells: ribosomes
plant cells: chloroplasts, cell wall, cell vacuole

34
Q

How do eukaryotic cells become specialised?

A
  • specialisation occurs through differentiation from stem cells
35
Q

why do eukaryotic cells become specialised?

A

to perform particular functions

36
Q

what is different about a prokaryotes cytoplasm compared to a eukaryotes cytoplasm?

A

they have cytoplasm that lacks membrane-bound organelles

37
Q

what is different about prokaryotic cells ribosomes?

A

they have smaller ribosomes

38
Q

what is different about a prokaryote’s nucleus?

A

they have no nucleus, just a single circular DNA molecules that is free in the cytoplasm

39
Q

what does prokaryotic cells cell wall contain?

A

murein/peptidoglycan (a glycoprotein)

40
Q

do prokaryotic cells have plasmids?

A

yes, they may have one or more plasmids

41
Q

do prokaryotic cells have a capsule surrounding the cell?

A

they may have a capsule surrounding the cell

42
Q

do prokaryotes have flagella?

A

they may have one or more simple flagella

T level Laboratory Science (6 decks)

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