B1 + B2 Flashcards
Magnification
Making small objects seem larger
Resolution
The ability to distinguish two objects from each other
Nucleus
Where the DNA is contained
Cytoplasm
The gooey substance that fills in the cell and keeps the organelles in place
Cell membrane
The membrane of the cell which separates whats in the cell from the outside. If lets certain things in like minerals or oxygen.
Mitochondria
Organelles where respiration occurs
Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis
Cell wall
Provides strength and support to plant cells
Vacuole
Contains a store of food
Chloroplast
Traps sunlight energy for photosynthesis
Eukaryotic cells
All animal and plant cells
Prokaryotic cells
All bacteria cells
Plasmid
One circular strand of DNA found in bacteria cells
Nerve cell adaptations
Body is longer to reach different parts of the cell, covered in fat to insulate the cell and speed up impulse
Muscle cell adaptions
Contains well developed mitochondria to provide energy for the muscle contractions
Sperm cell adaptations
Has a tail to swim, layer over the nucleus contains enzymes to penetrate the egg
Root hair cell adaptations
Large surface area, thin walls
Diffusion
The net random movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Dilute
Make a solution weaker or thinner by adding a solvent to it
Concentrated
Having a solution closest to it’s purest form without any form of solvent
Osmosis
The net random movement of water from a place with lots of water to a place with less water across a partially permeable membrane
Crenated
A state a cell becomes after osmosis when they are in a hypertonic solution
SA to V ratio
Surface area to volume ratio
Interphase
The first stage of cell division:
- Cell grows in size
- DNA and the organelles are replicated
Mitosis
Second stage of the cell cycle:
- Chromosomes line up along the centre of the cell
- They attach to the spindle fibres
- Get pulled to the opposite ends of the cell
- And the Nucleus divides in two
Cytokinesis
The third stage of the cell cycle:
- The cytoplasm and cell membrane replicate
- Two new genetically identical daughter cells are formed
Stem cell
A cell from which any other cell can be made
Plasmolysis
Contraction of a plant cell due to lack of water
Turgid
A plant cell that has swollen up due to too much water being in the cell
Turgor pressure
The force within a cell that pushes the membrane up against the cell wall
Active transport
The process in which molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration across a partially permeable membrane. The body gives ATP energy and carrier proteins in the cell membrane to make it work
Embryonic stem cell
A stem cell that can form any cell in the body and comes from an embryo
Adult stem cell
A stem cell from an adult person that can only become the type of cell from where it came from
Therapeutic Cloning
The process of creating stem cells with the same genes as the patient:
- take nucleus out of human egg cell
- put the nucleus of the patient’s cell in the egg cell
- stimulate the egg cell so it divides into an embryo
- take stem cells from the embryo after 4-5 days
- stem cells grown in a container of warm nutrients
- stem cells treated to develop type of cell suited for the patient
Hypertonic solution
High solute concentration
Hypotonic solution
Higher water concentration than another solution
Isotonic solution
Both solutions have an equal concentration of solutes
