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GCSE Biology > B1 and B2 in general > Flashcards

B1 and B2 in general Flashcards

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1
Q

What cell differentiation

A

Is process in the cell changes to become a specialised for job

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2
Q

4 types of specialised cells

A

Sperm cells - long tail, streamlined cell, mitocondria
Root hair cell - long hairs that stick out, large SA
Nerve cell -
Phloem and xylem - transports food and water joined end to end

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3
Q

Explain Growth and DNA replication

A

Dna spreads out in long strings
The cell grows in size, making more sub-cellular structure
Duplicates DNA, only one copy of new cell

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4
Q

Explain mitosis

A

Chromosomes lines lines up in centre
Cell fibres pull then apart to opposite sides
Membranes forms around the chromosomes, nuclei forms
Cytoplasm and cell membranes divide

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5
Q

Explain binary fisson

A

DNA replicates
Cell gets bigger and the DNA moves to opposite strands of the pole
Cytoplasm divides

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6
Q

Explain active transport in root hair cells

A

Allows plant to absorb minerals from a dilute solution across a concentration gradient.
Root hairs cells are covered with hairs.
Gives plant large SA for absorbing water/ mineral ions
Concentration is always higher in root hair cells
Plants use ATP energy for active transporta

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7
Q

How is the leafs structure adapted for gaseous exchange

A

Leaf covered with stomata at the bottom
Size of stomata are controlled by guard cells
Flat shape of the leaf

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8
Q

How does gills provide good gaseous exchange

A

Gills are made up of filaments, gives large SA
Filaments covered with lamellae, increases SA even more
Lamellae surrounded by capillaries.
Thin layer of cell

Water and blood flows in opposite directions maintaining a concentration gradient

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9
Q

Explain the iodine test

A

Starch
5cm3
Brown to black

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10
Q

Explain biuret test

A

Proteins
2cm3
Blue to pink

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11
Q

Sudan III

A

Lipids
5cm3
Red separation to the top

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12
Q

Benedict solution

A

Sugars
5cm3
Water bath at 75
Blue to green, yellow or red (how much sugar)

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13
Q

What type of membrane surrounds the lungs

A

Pleural

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14
Q

4 things that affect Transpiration

A

Light - higher light intensity cause more stomata to open up and more co2 and o2 to diffuse.

Temperature - warmer mean faster rate because particles are supplied with more kinetic energy

Air flow - strong wind increases the rate because maintains a higher concentration of particles inside the leaf. Diffusion can occur

Humidity - low humidity means more transpiration because less water particles outside of the leaf

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15
Q

List 4 lifestyle choice that causes cancer

A

Smoking
Obesity
UV radiation
Viral infection

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16
Q

Explain upper epidermis

A

Transparent

Light can pass through

17
Q

Explain palisade layer

A

Has lots of chloroplast

Near top of the leaf, receive more light for photosynthesis

18
Q

Explain the role of xylem and phloem

A

Network of vascular bundles
Deliver water and nutrients
Take away glucose
Support to structure

19
Q

How is the lower epidermis adapted for gas exchange

A

Full of stomata

The shape of stomata controlled by guard cells

20
Q

How does spongy mesophyll layer help diffusion

A

Has many air spaces

21
Q

Explain what a meristem is

A

Found at growing tips of a shoot or roots. They can differentiate into other types of cells, making plant to grow

22
Q

Describe structure of phloem

A

Made from elongated living cells with small pores at the walls, cell sap flows through it

Companion cells packed with mitochondria

23
Q

What does phloem tubes transport

A

Food substances, dissolved sugars

For immediate uses of storage

24
Q

Xylem structure…Explain

A

Made up of dead cells joined together
Has no end walls
Hollow
Strengthened by lignin

25
Q

What does xylem transport

A

Water and mineral ions

Fromm roots to the stem and leaves

GCSE Biology (8 decks)

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