B1. Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias Part III

Question 1

What macroscopic features are presented in AD?

Answer 1

Moderate critical atrophy within the cortex and lambic system

Enlarged frontal and temporal horns of the lateral ventricles

Sulki have widened
Girl have narrowed

These cause impairment of Constantine function

Question 2

What are the microscopic features in AD ?

Answer 2

Amyloid plaques

Neurofibrillary tangles

Question 3

How are amyloid plaques formed ?

Answer 3

Accumulation of Ab40 and Ab42

Question 4

What type of plaque is dominate in the amyloid plaque in AD?

Answer 4

Ab42 which are known as the bad one which is associated with neuronal loss and cognitive decline

Question 5

What are neurofibrillary tangles composed of ?

Answer 5

Tau proteins associated with microtubule

Question 6

At what stages or when are tau proteins a problem in AD ?

Answer 6

When they’re hyperphosphorylated (contain lots of phosphate groups) and abnormally folded, leading to the loss of function of tau

This leads to neurofibrillary tangles

Question 7

What genes are associated with AD?

Answer 7

Apoliprotein. E (APOE)

Question 8

What is the role of APOE?

Answer 8

Transports cholesterol to support their normal function

Question 9

How many alleles are there of the APOE gene ?

Answer 9

E2
E3
E4- Problematic and associated with the risk of developing AD

Question 10

What is the risk associated with developing one copy of the E4 allele ?

Answer 10

-3 fold increase in developing AD

Known as APOE4 heterozygous

Question 11

What is the risk associated with the development of two copies of E4 allele ?

Answer 11

-15 fold increase

Known as APOE4 homozygous

Question 12

How is the environment associated with increase risk of AD ?

Answer 12

Head trauma and increased risk of AD development