B1 - Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration and photosynthesis Flashcards
Improve b1 knowledge
What do carbohydrates do
To provide energy
What does protein do
Growth and repair
What do lipids do
Store energy for insulation
What do minerals do
Needed in small quantities to maintain health
What do vitamins do
Needed in small quantities to maintain health
What does fibre do
Provides roughage to keep food moving thorugh the digestive system
Biuret reagent - Copper sulfate risk assessment
Poisonous. Wash of any spills. Do not eat or drink.
Biruet regent - Sodium hydroxide risk assessment
Caustic. Wash of any spills. Do not eat or drink
Sudan III stain risk assessment
Ethanol - highly flammable. Inform teacher
Kettle risk assessment
Scalding - run under cold water
Testing for carbohydrates(sugars)
Put food solution in clean test tube. Add Benedicts solution into test tube. Add hot water (not boiling) to a beaker to make a water bath. Put the test tubei nto the beaker for about 5 mins
Positive result for sugars
Blue - negative. Green - there is some. Yellow - there is quite a bit. Red - there is a lot
Testing for carbohydrates(starch)
Add food to test tube. Add Iodine.
Positive result for starch
Yellow - negative. Blue/Black - Positive
Testing for Lipids
Put food into test tube. Add ethanol and shake gently. Add contents to test tube of water.
Positive result for Lipids
There will be a red staned layer that will seperate out and float on the surface
Testing for Protein
Put food into test tube. Add biuret solution and shake gently
Positive result for Protien
Negative - Blue. Positive - Purple/pink
Lipids make up
Made of Glycerol and 3 fatty acids. Broken down by LIPASE enzymes
Carbohydrates make up
Complex carbs such as starch and cellulose are made up of long chains of simple sugars bonded together. Broken down by Carbohydrase enzymes. Simple sugars made up of only 1 unit - glucose and surcose
What is Aerobic respiration
Aerobic respirtaion means respiration using oxygen. It takes place in every pland and animal cells inside the mitochondria.
Equation for Aerobic respirtaion
Oxygen+glucose = Carbon dioxide+water
Symbol equation for Aerobic respiration
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + Energy (ATP)
What takes place in Aerobic respiration
Energy is released form this chemical reaction ( exothermic) The breakdown of glucose involves many stages and is controlled by enzymes. The waste products of respiration are carried away in the blood
What does exothermic mean
It means releasing energy
What does endothermic mean
It means it takes in energy
How is energy used
Making large complex molecules for exapmle building pretiens for amino acids. Breaking down smaller molecules during digestion. TO make sucles work. To pump blood around the body. TO maintain a constant body temperature.
What is Anaerobic respiration 2
Anaerobic respiration also breaks down glucose to relasease energy but it releases much less energy per glucose molecule. This is becasue the glucose is only partly broken down and there is still energy locked in the bonds of the lactic acid. However, it is much faster so it can supply energy quicker
What is Anaerobic respirtaion 1
After long periouds of exercise, muscles become fatugued, meaning they cannot do as much work as they normally do. It happenes because some chemicals needed fro reastions start to run out and others,wihich are made, build up and need to be removed. If you exercise too hard, the musle cells might not be able to get all the oxygen needed for respiration. Fortunately, your muscles cells can use anaerobic respiration to release energy from glucose without oxygen.
What is Anaerobic respiration 3
After exercise, you carry on breathing deeply. The extra oxygen that our bodies need after exercise is called the oxygen debt. The extra oxygen taken in is used to return the body to its resting state and remove lactic acid from the muscle cells. It is transported to the liver cells where it is oxidised so that it can be used for aerobic respiration
What is the formula for Anaerobic respiration
Glucose - Lactic acid ( Energy)
What is fermentation used for
Fermentation occurs in yeast cells. Yeast is used in the production of bread, wine and beer
What is the formula for fermentation
Glucose -(yeast)- ethanol + carbon dioxide
How do we test for carbon dioxide
We use lime water - if carbon dioxide present it will trun cloudy and bubbles will appear
What are plants
Plants are producers. That mean that they do not have to eat other organisms to survive. They make their own food using sunlight
What is a producer
An organism that produces its own food
Why are algae differnt to plants
Do not have leaves or stems or roots. Can be uncellular or multicellular organisms. Live underwater
What do plants and alage do
Plants and algae prduce their own food by photosynthesis. Plants and algae use energy from teh Sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen
What is the formula for Photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water - ——-Light - ——> glucose + oxygen
(Reactants) (Chloroplast) (Products)
Where does photosynthesis occur
In chloroplasts found in the leaf cells (and stem cells).
What is choloroplast
Cholorplasts are green becasue they conain chlorphyll
Why are plants green?
Chlorophyll is a green pigment. FOund in chloropasts. Chlorophyll abosrbs sun light energy. The energy is used to power the photosynthesis chemical reaction
How does water get into a plant
Water diffuses into the root hair cells. (Refer to picture of root hair cell).
How do the gases get into and out of a plant
On the underside of the leaf there are tiny holes called stomata. The holes allow carbon dioxide to diffuse into a leaf and oxygen to diffuse out of the leaf
Where does photosyntheisis occur
Photosynthesis happens in the choloroplast and it has two stages. Stage 1 - Light dependant energy (from sunlight) splits water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. Stage 2 - Light independent. Carbon dioxide combines with the hydrgoen to form glucose.
Is photosynthesis exothermic
No it is endothermic as it takes in energy
How does photosynthesis happen
Chlorophyll in the choloroplasts abosrbs light. Carbon dioxide enters the plant through the stomata. Water enters teh leaf through the xylem tubes. Glucose is transported away from the leaf to all parts of the plant. Oxygen leaves through the tiny holes
What does glucose do ( respiration)
Energy release
What does glucose do (Nucleic acids)
DNA - genetic material
What does glucose do (Cellulose)
Cell walls
What does glucose do (fats and oils)
Storage and cell membranes)
What does glucose do (Starch)
Storage
What does glucose do (sucrose)
Fruits
What does glucose do (Nitrates from soil + amino acids)
Protein for grouth and repair
What factors affect the rate of photosynthesis
Enough light. Enough carbon dioxide. Ideal temp
Light and the rate of photosynthesis
Light energy has to be absorbed by chlorophyll for photosynthesis to take place. The brighter the light, the more light energy there is. More light energy means that phosynthesis will be faster
Carbon dioxide and the rate of photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide is one of the raw materials used by plants to make thier food. The concentration of carbon dioxide in the air(0.03%) is actually quite low
Temperature and the rate of photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is controlled by enzymes. Enzymes usally work best at warmer temperatures. If the temps get too high they get de-natured
Light - limiting factor
As the amount of light increases, so does the rate. The limiting factor is light. Here, Increasing the amount of light has no affect on the rate. The liming factor is now carbon dioxide or temperature
Carbon dioxide liming factor
As the amount of carbon dioxide goes up, so does the rate. The limiting factor is carbon dioxide. Here, increasing the number of carbon dioxide has no affect on the rate. Light or warmth is now the limiting factor.
Temperature limiting factor
As temperature icnreases, so does the rate because photosynthetic enzymes work best in the warmth. Here the liming factor is temp. Most plant enzymes are destroyed at about 45 degrees. HERE PHOTOSYNTHESIS STOPS AND THE RATE FALLS TO ZERO. temp is the limiting factor now
