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B1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

Contain nucleus

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

No nucleus, genetic material floats in cytoplasm

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3
Q

Sperm cell

A

-flagellum
- mitochondria
- streamlined
-digestive enzymes

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4
Q

Three Stem cells and where they are found?

A
  • adult stem cell- bone marrow
    -embryonic stem cells- embryo
  • plant meristems- roots&shoots of plant
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5
Q

What are plant meristems used for

A
  • cloning rare plants
    -protecting rare species
    -food security
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6
Q

Why are embryonic stem cells better than adult stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into any cells where’s adult stem cells can only turn into specific types of cells.

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7
Q

Cell cycle & describe mitosis

A

DNA replication
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
Growth

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8
Q

3 things that happen during respiration when exercising

A
  • blood vessels dialate
  • increased breathing
  • increased heart rate
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9
Q

Oxygen debt is…

A

Extra oxygen required after exercise to oxidise lactic acid and remove it from cells

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10
Q

Why is aerobic respiration more efficient than anaerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration doesn’t break down glucose completely whereas aerobic respiration does so aerobic respiration produces more energy

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11
Q

What is a gene?

A

Short section of DNA which codes for specific protein

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12
Q

Chromosome?

A

Long strand of DNA

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13
Q

Nucleotide is…

A

Units that make up DNA bases

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14
Q

Lipasew

A
  • turns lipid to fatty acids & glycerol
  • small intestine
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15
Q

Protease

A
  • turns protein to amino acids
  • small intestine & stomach
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16
Q

Amylase

A

-turns starch to maltose
- in mouth and small intestine

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17
Q

which of carbohydrates, protein and lipids are polymers?

A

Carbohydrates and protein

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18
Q

Test for protein

A

-Biuret solution purple if present

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19
Q

Starch test

A

-iodine , blue if present

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20
Q

Sugar test

A

Benedict - yellow,red,green if present

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21
Q

Lipid test

A

Emulsion test - milky if present

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22
Q

Light intensity

A

1/distance squared

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23
Q

Increases rate of transpiration?

A

Light intensity
Increase in temp
Increase in air flow

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24
Q

Decreases rate of transpiration

A

Air humidity , lowers conc gradient

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25
Q

Guard cells open when…

A

Turgid

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26
Q

Guard cells close when….

A

Flaccid

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27
Q

order of tissues in plant

A

Epidermal tissue
Palisade mesophyll
Spongy mesophyll
Stomata

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28
Q

Purpose of stomata

A

Little gaps to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse in and oxygen + water diffuse out

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29
Q

Purpose of waxy cuticle

A

Makes plant waterproof

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30
Q

Purpose of epidermal tissue

A

Transparent to allow light to pass through

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31
Q

Purpose of palisade mesophyll

A
  • has lots of chloroplast to absorb light for photosynthesis
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32
Q

Purpose of spongy mesophyll

A
  • gaps between cell to allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to pass through easily
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33
Q

What is transpiration?

A

When the plant opens its stomata to let in carbon dioxide, water on the surface of the cells of the spongy mesophyll and palisade mesophyll evaporates and diffuses out of the leaf.
Water is drawn from the cells in the xylem to replace that which has been lost from the leaves.
Water is moved from roots to leaves

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34
Q

What is translocation?

A

The movement of nutrients and food around a plant using the phloem around the plant like the roots.

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35
Q

What is a potometer?

A

It is used to estimate transpiration rate

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36
Q

Transpiration rate

A

Distance moved / time taken

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37
Q

Why do you cut the shoot underwater?

A

To prevent air entering the xylem

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38
Q

Why do you cut the plant at a slant?

A

To increase the surface area available for water uptake

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39
Q

What independent variables can be changed to see how environmental conditions affect rate of transpiration?

A
  • use a lamp to increase intensity
  • use a fan to increase air movement
  • increase temperature in the room
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40
Q

If the cell is small what would happen to the surface area: to volume ratio?

A

It would be big

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41
Q

Why do single celled organisms not require exchange surfaces?

A

They can diffuse straight into and out of single felled organisms across the cell membrane since there is a short distance and high surface area:volume ratio

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42
Q

2 main parts of CNS

A

spinal cord and brain

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43
Q

Sclera

A

White of the eye

44
Q

Purpose of cornea

A

Transparent layer, Refracts the light rays which enter the eye and help focus them on the retina

45
Q

How does the eye focus on close objects ?

A

The ciliary muscles contract, The suspensory ligaments slacken , so the lens thickens. This means the light is refracted more, so the light can focus in the retina.

46
Q

What happens to the pupil in low light conditions?

A

The pupil gets larger , the circular muscles relax

47
Q

What happens in bright light situations?

A

The pupil gets smaller, circular muscle contract

48
Q

What happens to the muscles when the pupil constricts

A

Circular muscles contract , radial muscles relax

49
Q

What happens to the muscles when the pupil dilates?

A

The circular muscles relax, the radial muscles contract.

50
Q

Which two muscles control the shape of the lens?

A

Ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments

51
Q

What does the lens need to look like when focussing on a close object?

A

Short and fat, more curved

52
Q

How does the eye focus on distant objects?

A

The ciliary muscles relaxes and The suspensory ligaments pull taut, which stretches the lens. This means the light is refracted less, so the light can focus on the retina.

53
Q

Long sighteness

A

Hyperopia

54
Q

Short sightedness

A

Myopia

55
Q

Why does a long sighted person struggle to see near objects?

A

Eyeball too short , so light focuses behind retina

56
Q

Why does a short sighted person struggle to see far things?

A

Eyeball is elongated so light focuses infront of the retina

57
Q

How to fix myopia?

A

Concave lens

58
Q

How to fix hyperopia ?

A

Convex lens

59
Q

What hormones prevent pregnancy

A

Oestrogen- inhibits FSH so no mature egg is released
Progesterone- stimulates thick mucus so sperm can’t reach egg

60
Q

What hormones help stimulate pregnancy?

A

FSH- helps egg mature
LH- helps stimulate release of mature egg

61
Q

In shoots, auxin….

A

Promotes growth and elongation

62
Q

In roots auxin…

A

Inhibits growth and elongation

63
Q

What would happen to a positively phototropic plant?

A

Grows towards light

64
Q

What happen to the side of the plant facing the sun?

A

Auxin breaks down

65
Q

What happens to the shaded side (away from the sun)?

A

Auxin collects on the shaded side, leading to uneven distribution of auxin in shoots.
This leads to growth and elongation in the shaded side but not the sunny side so the plant grows towards the sun, showing positive phototropism.

66
Q

What phototropism and gravitropism look like in the shoots?

A

Positive phototropism and negative gravitropism

67
Q

Negatively phototropic

A

Away from light

68
Q

Positively gravitropic

A

Towards the ground

69
Q

Negatively gravitropic

A

Away from ground

70
Q

In the roots the upper side will….

A

Grow faster, since the lower side inhibits growth

71
Q

What happens to a gravitropic plant?

A

Grows downwards towards gravity

72
Q

Where do auxins collect on a gravitropic plant?

A

It collects on the underside of the plant due to the pull of gravity.

73
Q

Use of auxin?

A

Stimulate plants to grow
Weed killer

74
Q

Gibberellin use?

A

Controlling dormancy
Inducing flowering
Growing larger fruit

75
Q

Ethene use?

A

Stimulate ripening of fruit

76
Q

Homeostasis

A

Stable internal environment

77
Q

What are Receptors?

A

They detect changes in our body temperature

78
Q

When your in a very cold place your body warms up by….

A
  • vasoconstriction, constrict blood vessels, lesss heat energy lost
  • shivering
  • hair stand up
79
Q

When your very hot and try to cool down your body…

A
  • vasodilation- blood vessels dilate so more heat energy lost to surroundings
  • sweat
80
Q

What happens when glucose levels are too high?

A

Pancreas releases insulin into bloodstream.
Insulin binds to receptors on certain cells like liver/muscle, tells them to take in extra glucose.
Turns extra glucose into glycogen, storage of glucose

81
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A storage form of glucose

82
Q

What happens if glucose levels are too low?

A

Pancreas secretes glucagon into bloodstream.
Binds to cells mainly liver cell, breaks down glycogen to glucose

83
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

When your body doesn’t produce insulin

84
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

When your body doesn’t respond to insulin

85
Q

Treatment for type 1?

A

Insulin injections
Manage diet
Exercise

86
Q

Who usually gets type 1 and is it lifelong?

A

People of young age during childhood
It is lifelong

87
Q

Who usually gets type 2 and why

A

Older people, overweight people

88
Q

Treatment for type 2?

A

Exercising
Managing diet

89
Q

What does too much glucose to do the body?

A

Affects osmosis

90
Q

What does too little glucose do to the body?

A

No energy is produced since glucose is requ

91
Q

What is deamination ?

A

Excess amino acids converted into lipids and carbohydrates

92
Q

What does ADH do to water conc levels?

A

Increase water concentration

93
Q

Too little water in the body?

A
94
Q

Too much water in body?

A
95
Q

Which gland releases thyroxine?

A

Thyroid

96
Q

Which gland releases adrenaline?

A

Adrenal gland

97
Q

What is thyroxine used for?

A

To regulate rate of metabolism

98
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

Tells other glands to release their hormones

99
Q

What do the pituitary glands do if there are low thyroxine levels?

A

Pituitary glands stimulate TSH which brings thyroxine levels back up

100
Q

What hormone does Pancreas secrete?

A

Secrets insulin

101
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Increase heart rate
Increase blood pressure
Increase blood flow to muscles
Increase glucose levels

102
Q

Thyroxine levels too high?

A

Thyroxine inhibits pituitary gland from releasing TSH. Less TSH= less thyroxine

103
Q

Homeostasis?

A

Maintains a stable internal environment
Receptors > co ordination centre> effector

104
Q

Receptor

A

Detects change

105
Q

Effectors?

A

Muscles contract
Glands release hormones

106
Q

Central Nervous system

A

Stimulus> receptor> sensory neurone> CNS> motor neurone >effector > response

107
Q

Reflex arc?

A

Stimulus
Sensory neurone
impulse CNS
relay neurone
Motor neurone
Effector
Response

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