B. Irrigation and Drainage Engineering Flashcards
The moisture content of the soil when the gravitational water has been removed.
a. Available water
b. Field capacity
c. Permanent wilting point
d. Readily available moisture
b. Field capacity
Subsurface drain system wherein laterals join the submain on both sides alternately.
a. Gridiron
b. Herringbone
c. Parallel drain system
d. Double main system
b. Herringbone
Darcy’s law states that the flow of water through a porous medium is?
a. Proportional to the medium’s hydraulic conductivity
b. Inversely proportional to the length of flow path
c. Both a and b
d. Neither a nor b
c. Both a and b
It is the ratio of the volume of voids to the total volume of the soil.
a. Void volume
b. Bulk density
c. Porosity
d. Void density
c. Porosity
It is the water retained about individual soil particles by molecular action and can be removed only by heating.
a. Permanent wilting point
b. Hygroscopic water
c. Hydrophobic water
d. Microscopic water
b. Hygroscopic water
It refers to the composite parts of the irrigation system that divert water from natural bodies of water such as rivers, streams and lakes.
a. Main canal
b. Diversion canal
c. Irrigation structures
d. Headworks
d. Headworks
It is a measure of the amount of water that the soil will retain against a tension of 15 atmospheres.
a. Readily available moisture
b. Permanent wilting point
c. Available moisture
d. Field capacity
b. Permanent wilting point
The International Soil Science Society describes sand as a soil particle with a diameter of
a. 0.02 to 2 mm
b. 0.2 to 2 mm
c. 0.002 to 0.02 mm
d. 0.002 to 0.2 mm
b. 0.2 to 2 mm
The localized lowering of the static or piezometric water level due to pumping.
a. Groundwater decline
b. Drawdown
c. Subsidence
d. Depression
b. Drawdown
Any convenient level surface coincident or parallel with mean sea level to which elevations of a particular area are referred
a. Datum
b. Elevation
c. Horizontal surface
d. Slope
a. Datum
It is a geologic formation which transmits water at a rate insufficient to be economically developed for pumping.
a. Aquifer
b. Aquiclude
c. Aquifuge
d. Aquitard
b. Aquiclude
It is the ratio of the dry weight of the soil to the weight of the water with volume equal to the soil bulk volume.
a. Particle density
b. Bulk density
c. Real specific gravity
d. Apparent specific gravity
d. Apparent specific gravity
It accounts for the losses in an irrigation system from the water source and prior to delivery of water into the field ditches.
a. Evaporation
b. Application efficiency
c. Diversion efficiency
d. Conveyance efficiency
d. Conveyance efficiency
A geologic formation that contains water but do not have the capacity to transmit it.
a. Aquifuge
b. Aquifer
c. Aquitard
d. Aquiclude
d. Aquiclude
What is the recommended value for standing water during land
preparation.
a. 5 mm
b. 10 mm
c. 15 mm
d. 8 mm
b. 10 mm
Farm water requirement minus the application losses is the.
a. Diversion water requirement
b. Farm irrigation requirement
c. Application efficiency
d. Land preparation water requirement
b. Farm irrigation requirement
This results from overlapping radii of influence of neighboring wells.
a. Drawdown
b. Groundwater decline
c. Well interference
d. Drawdown curve
c. Well interference
In furrow irrigation, the rate of water application should be ____ the intake rate of the soil.
a. Less than
b. Greater than
c. Equal to
d. Not related to
a. Less than
Irrigation method is used for row crops wherein only a part of the surface is wetted
a. Basin flooding
b. Furrow irrigation
c. Border irrigation
d. Border-strip flooding
b. Furrow irrigation
The amount of drainage water to be removed per unit time per unit area is the
a. Drainage requirement
b. Drainage coefficient
c. Drain spacing
d. Drainage volume
b. Drainage coefficient
In Hooghoudt’s drain spacing formula, it is assumed that
a. The water table is in equilibrium with the rainfall or irrigation water
b. The drains are evenly spaced
c. Darcy’s law is valid for flow through soils
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
A mathematical expression for the macroscopic flow of water through a porous system
a. Steady state groundwater flow equation
b. Darcy’s Law
c. Laplace’s equation
d. Scobey;s equation
b. Darcy’s Law
It is the soil moisture constant describing the amount of moisture retained by the soil against a suction pressure of 1/3 atmosphere
a. Field capacity
b. Hygroscopic water
c. Permanent wilting point
d. Saturation point
a. Field capacity
Run-off is the difference between the gross depth of irrigation water and the
a. Net depth requirement
b. Crop evapotranspiration
c. Depth that infiltrated
d. Water use rate
a. Net depth requirement
It is the type of sprinkler irrigation system where the number of laterals installed is equal to the total number of lateral positions
a. Hand move system
b. Periodic move
c. Special type
d. Set system
d. Set system
It is a surface irrigation system where the area is subdivided by dikes and water flows over these dikes from one subdivision to another.
a. Border irrigation
b. Furrow irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
d. Corrugation irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
Distribution control structures placed across an irrigation ditch to block the flow temporarily and to raise the upstream water level.
a. Turnouts
b. Checks
c. Culverts
d. Weirs
b. Checks
Which is not a component of the impact arm of an impact sprinkler?
a. Nozzle
b. Counterweight
c. Vane
d. Spoon
a. Nozzle
In surface irrigation, the ratio between the gross amount of irrigation water and the net requirement of the crop is the
a. Application efficiency
b. Deep percolation
c. Seepage
d. Runoff
a. Application efficiency
It is an orderly sequence of planting crop in an area for a 365-day period
a. Cropping pattern
b. Crop combination
c. Crop sequence
d. Cropping schedule
a. Cropping pattern
In furrow irrigation, it is the difference between the depth of water that infiltrated and the net depth requirement
a. Runoff
b. Application losses
c. Deep percolation
d. Seepage
c. Deep percolation
In-line canal structure designed to convey canal water from a higher level to a lower level, duly dissipating the excess energy resulting from the drop in elevation
a. Drop
b. Flume
c. Weir
d. None of the above
a. Drop
Amount of rainwater that falls directly on the field and is used by the crop for growth and development excluding deep percolation, surface runoff and interception
a. Average rainfall
b. Effective rainfall
c. Rainfall depth
d. None of the above
b. Effective rainfall
Applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to dissipate pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that does not vary significantly because of minor differences in pressure
a. Drippers
b. Emitters
c. Nozzle
d. None of the above
b. Emitters
Closed conduit designed to convey canal water in full and under pressure running condition, to convey canal water by gravity under roadways, railways, drainage channels and local depressions
a. Siphon
b. Inverted siphon
c. Elevated flumes
d. None of the above
b. Inverted siphon
Amount of water required in lowland rice production which includes water losses through evaporation, seepage and percolation and land soaking
a. Land soaking water requirements
b. Land preparation water requirements
c. Irrigation water requirements
d. None of the above
b. Land preparation water requirements
Portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals
a. Connector
b. Valve
c. Manifold
d. None of the above
c. Manifold
Constant flow depth along a longitudinal section of a channel under a uniform flow condition
a. Normal depth
b. Critical depth
c. Uniform depth
d. None of the above
a. Normal depth
Water flow that is conveyed in such a manner that top surface is exposed to the atmosphere such as flow in canals, ditches, drainage channels, culverts, and pipes under partially full flow conditions
a. Open channel flow
b. Canal flow
c. Pipe flow
d. None of the above
a. Open channel flow
Tube or shaft vertically set into the ground at a depth that is usually less than 15 m for the purpose of bringing groundwater into the soil surface whose pumps are set above the water level
a. Shallow tubewell
b. Deep well
c. Pipe
d. None of the above
a. Shallow tubewell
Ratio of the horizontal to vertical dimension of the channel wall
a. Slope
b. Channel gradient
c. Side slope
d. All of the above
c. Side slope
Slope of the water surface profile plus the velocity head in open channels
a. Energy grade line slope
b. Water surface slope
c. Channel bottom slope
d. Hydraulic grade line slope
a. Energy grade line slope
Slope of the free water surface in open channel
a. Energy grade line slope
b. Water surface slope
c. Channel bottom slope
d. Hydraulic grade line slope
d. Hydraulic grade line slope
Occurs when flow has a constant water area, depth, discharge, and average velocity through a reach of channel
a. Normal flow
b. Critical flow
c. Uniform flow
d. Varied flow
c. Uniform flow
Accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall; and outflows, such as evaporation, seepage and percolation.
a. Water cycle
b. Water balance
c. Water flow
d. All of the above
b. Water balance
Area which contributes runoff or drains water into the reservoir.
a. Watershed
b. River network
c. Streams
d. All of the above
a. Watershed
Diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating at a given pressure and no wind.
a. Wetted diameter
b. Wetted perimeter
c. Diameter of throw
d. All of the above
a. Wetted diameter
Portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with the flowing water.
a. Wetted diameter
b. Wetted perimeter
c. Diameter of throw
d. All of the above
b. Wetted perimeter
Moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water delivery which describes the extent of water depletion from the soil when the water supply has been cut-off.
a. Current soil moisture content
b. Residual moisture content
c. Allowable moisture depletion
d. None of the above
b. Residual moisture content
Pressure required to overcome the elevation difference between the water source and the sprinkler nozzle, to counteract friction losses and to provide adequate pressure at the nozzle for good water distribution.
a. Average pressure
b. Design pressure
c. Pressure requirement
d. None of the above
b. Design pressure
An overflow structure built perpendicular to an open channel axis to measure the rate of flow of water.
a. Weir
b. Flume
c. Orifice
d. None of the above
a. Weir
In-line structure with a geometrically specified constriction built in an open channel such that the center line coincides with the center line of the channel in which the flow is to be measured.
a. Weir
b. Flume
c. Orifice
d. None of the above
b. Flume
Measuring device with a well-defined, sharp-edged opening in a wall through which flow occurs such that the upstream water level is always well above the top of this opening.
a. Weir
b. Flume
c. Orifice
d. None of the above
c. Orifice
A device with individual scales on the rods to provide data to plot
furrow depth as a function of the lateral distance where data can then be numerically integrated to develop geometric relationships such as area verses depth, wetted perimeter versus depth and top-width vs depth.
a. Infiltrometer
b. Profilometer
c. Penetrometer
d. None of the above
b. Profilometer
Application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field.
a. Surface irrigation
b. Furrow irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
d. None of the above
a. Surface irrigation
Method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel channels as it moves down the slope of the field.
a. Surface irrigation
b. Furrow irrigation
c. Basin irrigation
d. None of the above
b. Furrow irrigation
Recommended slope for furrow irrigation method.
a. 0.05 % to 3.0 %
b. 2.0% to 5.0%
c. ≤ 0.1%
d. None of the above
a. 0.05 % to 3.0 %
Any barrier constructed to store water.
a. Reservoir
b. Dam
c. Tank
d. None of the above
b. Dam
Volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level
and normal water level.
a. Active storage
b. Dead storage
c. Storage capacity
d. None of the above
a. Active storage
Maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the dam or reservoir without flow in the spillway.
a. Maximum storage elevation
b. Dam crest elevation
c. Normal storage elevation
d. None of the above
c. Normal storage elevation
Part of water impounding system that stores the runoff.
a. Watershed
b. Reservoir
c. Dam
d. None of the above
b. Reservoir
Irrigation systems that have relatively large service areas and are managed by government agencies.
A. Shallow Tubewell Irrigation Systems
C. Communal Irrigation Systems
B. On-Farm Irrigation Facilities
D. National Irrigation Systems
D. National Irrigation Systems
A major irrigation system managed by the national irrigation administration.
A. Communal irrigation system
C. Main canal
B. Secondary canal
D. National irrigation system
D. National irrigation system
Composite facilities that permit entry of water to paddy areas and consist of farm ditches and turnouts.
A. Shallow Tubewell Irrigation Systems
C. Communal Irrigation Systems
B. On-Farm Irrigation Facilities
D. National Irrigation Systems
B. On-Farm Irrigation Facilities
Pipes vertically set into the ground that abstract groundwater to be used for irrigation, usually owned and
operated by individual farmers.
A. Shallow Tubewell Irrigation Systems
C. Communal Irrigation Systems
B. On-Farm Irrigation Facilities
D. National Irrigation Systems
A. Shallow Tubewell Irrigation Systems
An irrigation system that is managed by a bonafide irrigators’ association.
A. Headworks
C. Shallow tubewell
B. Communal irrigation system
D. National irrigation system
B. Communal irrigation system
A system of irrigation facilities covering contiguous areas.
A. Irrigators’ Association
C. Irrigated Lands
B. Irrigation System
D. Irrigable Lands
B. Irrigation System
Lands serviced by natural irrigation or irrigation facilities. These include land where water is not readily available as existing irrigation facilities need rehabilitation or upgrading or where irrigation water is not available year-round.
A. Irrigators’ Association
C. Irrigated Lands
B. Irrigation System
D. Irrigable Lands
C. Irrigated Lands
Lands which display marked characteristics justifying the operation of an irrigation system.
A. Irrigators’ Association
C. Irrigated Lands
B. Irrigation System
D. Irrigable Lands
D. Irrigable Lands
An association of farmers within a contiguous area served by a national irrigation system or communal
irrigation system.
A. Irrigators’ Association
C. Irrigated Lands
B. Irrigation System
D. Irrigable Lands
A. Irrigators’ Association
A principle of English Common Law which recognizes the right of riparian owner to make reasonable use of streamflow provided the water is used on riparian land.
A. Riparian Act
C. Exec. Order on Riparian Right
B. Riparian right
D. Presid’l Decreee on Riparian Right
A. Riparian Act
Farm turnout requirements plus conveyance losses in the main canal and lateral up to the farm turnout.
A. Diversion Water Requirement
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
B. Farm Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
A. Diversion Water Requirement
The water right based on the concept first time, first in right:
A. Right of way
C. General Appropriation
B. Appropriation Act
D. None of these
B. Appropriation Act
Similar to that of tertiary canals, the main systems (main and secondary canals) also incur losses termed as conveyance losses. Seepage and percolation losses and evaporation along the conveyance canals comprise the conveyance losses.
A. Diversion Water Requirement
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
B. Farm Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
A. Diversion Water Requirement
The crop water requirement of an area grown to a certain crop refers to the amount of water used for the non-consumptive demands such as land soaking and land preparation, and for the consumptive demands such as evapotranspiration requirements of the crop during its entire growth period.
A. Diversion Water Requirement
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
B. Farm Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
The sum of evapotranspiration and percolation losses.
A. Diversion Water Requirement
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
B. Farm Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
The ____ is the amount of water to be applied to the field as irrigation.
A. Diversion Water Requirement
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
B. Farm Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
The quantity of water exclusive of precipitation required to maintain desired soil moisture and salinity level during the crop season.
A. Diversion Water Requirement
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
B. Farm Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
Farm water requirement minus the application losses is the_______.
A. Diversion Water Requirement
C. Application efficiency
B. Farm irrigation requirement
D. Land preparation water requirement
B. Farm irrigation requirement
The sum of irrigation requirement and farm ditch losses.
A. Diversion Water Requirement
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
B. Farm Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
B. Farm Water Requirement
The fraction of the irrigation water that must be leached through the root zone to control soil salinity at specified level.
A. Leaching Requirement
C. Farm Water Requirement
B. Irrigation Water Requirement
D. Crop Water Requirement
A. Leaching Requirement
Amount of water required in lowland rice production which includes water losses through evaporation, seepage and percolation and land soaking.
A. Land soaking water requirements
C. Irrigation Water Requirement
B. Land preparation water requirements
D. None of these
B. Land preparation water requirements
Washing salt from the soil by using excess water to dissolve and carry each beyond the root zone.
A. Leaching
C. Blanching
B. Bleaching
D. None of these
A. Leaching
Includes evaporation and transpiration, lumped together as evapotranspiration.
A. Irrigation water requirement
C. Non-consumptive
B. Consumptive
D. Crop water requirement
B. Consumptive
Include seepage and percolation losses.
A. Irrigation water requirement
C. Non-consumptive
B. Consumptive
D. Crop water requirement
C. Non-consumptive
It also refers to consumptive use by crops.
A. Evapotranspiration
C. Water circulation
B. Saturation vapor pressure
D. Osmosis
A. Evapotranspiration
Is the sum of transpiration and water evaporated from the soil, or exterior portions of the plants where water may have accumulated from irrigation, rainfall, dew, or exudation from the interior of the plants.
A. Evapotranspiration
C. Transpiration
B. Percolation
D. Seepage
A. Evapotranspiration
The rate of evapotranspiration of vigorously growing crop that completely shades the ground and is adequately supplied with soil moisture is:
A. Actual crop evapotranspiration
C. Potential evapotranspiration
B. Reference crop evapotranspiration
D. Crop water requirement
C. Potential evapotranspiration
Ratio of the actual crop evapotranspiration to its potential evapotranspiration.
A. Crop ratio
C. Crop coefficient
B. ET ratio
D. Evaporation ratio
C. Crop coefficient
The crop coefficient used for estimating actual crop evapotranspiration is:
A. Constant throughout the growing period
B. Increases during the vegetative stage until ripening
C. Increases during flowering
D. Increases during vegetative stage until flowering and decreases towards ripening
D. Increases during vegetative stage until flowering and decreases towards ripening
It is the most elaborate method of computing potential evapotranspiration.
A. Blaney-Criddle
C. Jensen-Haise
B. Hargreaves
D. Penman
D. Penman
Irrigation before final seedbed preparation and planting; a method to insure adequate moisture for the germination of crop seeds.
A. Drip-irrigation
C. Pre-irrigation
B. Intermittent
D. Post-irrigation
C. Pre-irrigation
Wherein the surface is rarely wet since the water is supplied from the soil underneath.
A. Sprinkler irrigation
C. Drip or trickle irrigation
B. Sub-irrigation
D. Contour-ditch irrigation
B. Sub-irrigation
It involves controlled flooding from field ditches along the contour of the land, which allows the water to flood down the slope between field ditches without employing dikes or other means that guide or restrict its movement.
A. Sprinkler irrigation
C. Level-border or basin irrigation
B. Sub-irrigation
D. Contour-ditch irrigation
D. Contour-ditch irrigation
Water is supplied to level plots surrounded by dikes or levees. This method is particularly useful on fine textured soils with low permeability, it is necessary to hold the water on the surface to secure adequate penetration.
A. Sprinkler irrigation
C. Level-border or basin irrigation
B. Sub-irrigation
D. Contour-ditch irrigation
C. Level-border or basin irrigation
It is a surface irrigation system where the area is subdivided by dikes and water flows over these dikes from one subdivision to another.
A. Border irrigation
C. Basin irrigation
B. Furrow irrigation
D. Corrugation irrigation
C. Basin irrigation
The most efficient trapezoidal cross section.
A. Width of the bottom = twice the depth
C. Width of the bottom = 4x the depth
B. Depth = twice the bottom width
D. Width of the top =2x the sum of sides
A. Width of the bottom = twice the depth
For the most efficient circular cross-section, semi-circle the hydraulic radius is equal to:
A. ¼ its radius
C. ½ its radius
B. its radius
D. ¼ its diameter
D. ¼ its diameter
A concept used to evaluate the losses of water during irrigation from the time it leaves that source to the
point of use.
A. Discharge flow rate
C. Drainage efficiency
B. Irrigation efficiency
D. None of these
B. Irrigation efficiency
It is the ratio of the production attained with the operating irrigation system, compared to the total production expected under ideal condition.
A. Irrigation frequency
C. Irrigation method
B. Irrigation efficiency
D. Irrigation period
B. Irrigation efficiency
Refers to the number of days between irrigation periods without rainfall.
A. Irrigation frequency
C. Irrigation method
B. Irrigation efficiency
D. Irrigation period
A. Irrigation frequency
In surface irrigation, the ratio between the gross amount of irrigation water and the net requirement of the crop is the _____.
A. Application efficiency
C. Seepage
B. Deep percolation
D. Runoff
A. Application efficiency
Accounting of water inflows, such as irrigation and rainfall; and outflows, such as evaporation, seepage
and percolation.
A. Water cycle
C. Water flow
B. Water balance
D. All of these
B. Water balance
The number of days allowed for operating irrigation to a given design area during the peak consumptive period of the crop being irrigated.
A. Irrigation frequency
C. Irrigation method
B. Irrigation efficiency
D. Irrigation period
D. Irrigation period
Amount of rainfall in the rootzone.
A. Consumptive use
C. Percolation
B. Seepage
D. Effective rainfall
D. Effective rainfall
The sum total of water lost in a given area thru transpiration from plants, evaporation from soil and water surface and for building tissues of plants.
A. Consumptive use
C. Deep percolation
B. Seepage
D. Runoff
A. Consumptive use
Facility for determining water consumptive use of crops in an open field.
A. Planimeter
C. Consumeter
B. Lysimeter
D. Crop meter
b. lysimeter
It is a measure of the amount of water that the soil will retain against a tension of 15 atmospheres.
A. Permanent wilting point
C. Available moisture
B. Field capacity
D. Readily available moisture
A. Permanent wilting point
The amount of moisture present in the soil given the percent Available Moisture (AM) content retained or used and the Field Capacity (FC) and Permanent Wilting Point (PWP), the Moisture Content (MC) of the soil can be computed using the equations.
A. Permanent wilting point
C. Available moisture
B. Computation of moisture content
D. Readily available moisture
B. Computation of moisture content
What is the term for capillary water in the smaller pore space of the soil?
A. Interception
C. Basin recharge
B. Depression storage
D. Soil moisture
d. soil moisture
Difference in moisture content of soil between field capacity and permanent wilting point.
A. Irrigation water requirement
C. Available moisture
B. Saturation capacity
D. Readily available moisture
C. Available moisture
That portion of the available moisture that is most easily extracted by plants; this is approximately 75% of the available moisture.
A. Permanent wilting point (or wilting coefficient)
C. Available moisture
B. Computation of moisture content
D. Readily available moisture
D. Readily available moisture
75% of available moisture is called:
A. Readily available moisture
C. Permanent wilting point
B. Hygroscopic water
D. None of these
A. Readily available moisture
The product of Available Moisture to the Percent Moisture Depletion.
A. Readily available moisture
C. Available Moisture
B. Moisture Allowed Deficit
D. None of these
B. Moisture Allowed Deficit
Moisture left in the soil before the initial irrigation water delivery which describes the extent of water depletion from the soil when the water supply has been cut-off.
A. Current soil moisture content
C. Allowable moisture depletion
B. Residual moisture content
D. None of these
B. Residual moisture content
The percentage of moisture on dry weight basis that is held against the pull of gravity, after drainage has ceased in a soil that has been saturated:
A. Wilting point
C. Hygroscopic coefficient
B. Air dry
D. Field capacity
D. Field capacity
Moisture content present in the soil when gravitational water removed is called:
A. Wilting point
C. Field capacity
B. Unavailable moisture
D. Hygroscopic moisture
C. Field capacity
The moisture content of the soil when tension is 1/3 atmosphere:
A. Wilting point
C. Field capacity
B. Saturation point
D. Hygroscopic moisture
C. Field capacity
The amount of moisture content that is left from the soil 2-3 days after heavy application of rain or irrigation water.
A. Wilting point
C. Field capacity
B. Excess water
D. Available water
C. Field capacity
The amount of water a soil profile will hold against drainage by gravity at a specified time (usually from
24 to 48 hours) after a thorough wetting.
A. Infiltration rate
C. Field capacity
B. Permeability
D. Volume of irrigation water
C. Field capacity
Determined by placing an air-dry soil in a nearly saturated atmosphere at 25°C until it absorbs no more water. This tension is equal to a force of 31 atm. Water at this tension is not available to plants.
A. Water tension
C. Wilting point
B. Hydroscropic coefficient
D. Hygroscropic coefficient
D. Hygroscropic coefficient
Volume of water to be applied to increase the soil moisture content from an initial to final value?
A. Infiltration rate
C. Field capacity
B. Permeability
D. Volume of irrigation water
D. Volume of irrigation water
The moisture content of the soil when the tension is 1.5 atmosphere.
A. Permanent wilting point
C. Field capacity
B. Saturation point
D. Wilting coefficient
B. Saturation point
The amount of water the soil profile will hold when all its pore spaces are filled up with water.
A. Infiltration rate
C. Permeability
B. Saturation point
D. Intake rate
B. Saturation point
The ability of the stream to provide water determines the extent of the total service area of a national irrigation system.
A. Secondary canal
C. Canal
B. Main canal
D. Canal capacity
D. Canal capacity
The amount of water used in producing crop is.
A. Water holding capacity
C. Critical growth stage
B. Rooting characteristics
D. Percolation
A. Water holding capacity
The ratio of the normal consumptive use of water to the net amount of water depleted from the root zone soil.
A. Consumptive use efficiency
C. Water storage efficiency
B. Water application efficiency
D. Water-use efficiency
A. Consumptive use efficiency
The ratio between water stored in the soil root zone during irrigation and the water delivered to the farm expressed in percent.
A. Consumptive use efficiency
C. Water storage efficiency
B. Water application efficiency
D. Water conveyance efficiency
B. Water application efficiency
The ratio between the water delivered to the farm and the water diverted from a river or reservoir expressed in percent.
A. Consumptive use efficiency
C. Water storage efficiency
B. Water application efficiency
D. Water conveyance efficiency
D. Water conveyance efficiency
It accounts for the losses in an irrigation system from the water source and prior to delivery of water into the field ditches.
A. Evaporation
C. Diversion efficiency
B. Application efficiency
D. Conveyance efficiency
C. Diversion efficiency
The ratio of water beneficially used on the project, farm or field to the amount of water delivered to the farm expressed in percent.
A. Consumptive use efficiency
C. Water storage efficiency
B. Water application efficiency
D. Water-use efficiency
D. Water-use efficiency
It is the ratio of water stored in the root zone during the irrigation to the water needed in the root zone prior to irrigation, expressed in percent.
A. Consumptive use efficiency
C. Water storage efficiency
B. Water conveyance efficiency
D. Water-use efficiency
C. Water storage efficiency
It is a variation of the furrow method and it uses small rills or corrugations for irrigating closely spaced crops, such as small grains and pastures.
A. Sprinkler irrigation
C. Drip or trickle irrigation
B. Sub-irrigation
D. Corrugation irrigation
D. Corrugation irrigation
The composite parts of the irrigation system that divert water from natural bodies of water such as rivers, streams, and lakes.
A. Headworks
C. Communal irrigation system
B. Secondary canal
D. Main canal
A. Headworks
The channel where diverted water from a source flow to the intended area to be irrigated.
A. Headworks
C. Communal irrigation system
B. Secondary canal
D. Main canal
D. Main canal
It is the most important consideration for the side slope of a channel.
A. Channel size
C. Seepage loss
B. Climate change
D. Kind of channel material
D. Kind of channel material
Is the elevation above some arbitrary zero datum of the water surface at a station along a river or stream.
A. Stilling basin
C. River stage
B. Staff gage
D. None of these
C. River stage
A scale set at the river/stream so that a portion of it is immersed in the water at all times to measure river stage.
A. Stilling basin
C. River stage
B. Staff gage
D. None of these
B. Staff gage
A notch of regular form through which the irrigation stream is made to flow and built as either portable or stationary structure.
A. Parshall flume
C. Dam
B. Weir
D. Orifice
B. Weir
Measuring device with a well-defined, sharp-edged opening in a wall through which flow occurs such that the upstream water level is always well above the top of this opening
A. Parshall flume
C. Dam
B. Weir
D. Orifice
D. Orifice
Barrier constructed to hold water back and raise its level.
A. Channel
C. Well
B. Dam
D. Weir
B. Dam
A structure installed immediately downstream of a headgate to raise the upstream water level to facilitate diversion into the branching canal is called:
A. Diversion dam
C. Cross regulator
B. Head regulator
D. Bench flume
C. Cross regulator
A structure installed at the head of the conveyance canal to admit and regulate the amount of water to be distributed is called:
A. Diversion dam
C. Cross regulator
B. Head regulator
D. Offtake
B. Head regulator
A structure used to convey irrigation water across and above natural depressions is called:
A. Inverted siphon
C. Drop structure
B. Partial flume
D. Bench flume
D. Bench flume
A structure constructed along supplementary farm ditch at the head of the internal farm ditch to control and regulate water discharges serving the farm or group of farms is called:
A. Turnout
C. Tail scape
B. Offtake
D. Cross regulator
B. Offtake
Volume of water stored in reservoir between the minimum water level and normal water level.
A. Active storage
C. Storage capacity
B. Dead storage
D. None of these
A. Active storage
Small water impounding management (SWIM) projects, in general, are those small-scale water impounding dams which have structural heights of not more than.
A. 30 m
C. 50 m
B. 45 m
D. 100 m
A. 30 m
Maximum elevation the water surface which can be attained by the dam or reservoir without flow in the spillway.
A. Maximum storage elevation
C. Normal storage elevation
B. Dam crest elevation
D. None of these
C. Normal storage elevation
For a dam to called SWIM Project the volume of storage should not exceed.
A. 50 million cu.m
C. 100 million cu.m
B. 75 million cu.m
D. 125 million cu.m
A. 50 million cu.m
The following are major considerations for the SWIM Project selection, except:
A. Economically depressed and deprived regions
C. Areas with recurrent flooding
B. High population densities and heavy settlements
D. A multi project whenever possible
B. High population densities and heavy settlements
A hydraulic structure that serves as an outlet of water in irrigation canals whereby water passes through and discharges into the main farm ditch of service area is called.
A. Headgate
C. Turnout
B. Checkgate
D. Offtake
C. Turnout
Structure built along the main canal that raises the water level upstream to facilitate diversion into the
lateral is called:
A. Headgate
C. Turnout
B. Checkgate
D. Offtake
B. Checkgate
The pressure under a gravity dam producing an overturning effect.
A. Uplift pressure
C. Foundation Pressure
B. Downward pressure
D. None of these
C. Foundation Pressure
Are specially shaped and stabilized channel sections which may also be used to measure flow and are generally less inclined than weirs to prevent floating debris and sediments from detention.
A. Culvert
C. Flume
B. Turnout
D. Drop structures
C. Flume
It is used to divide and distribute the flow of water at desired direction usually placed or built in main farm ditch to divert water to supplementary farm ditches.
A. Spill wall
C. Flume
B. Turnout
D. Division box
D. Division box
A device used to control the flow of water to or from a pipeline.
A. Inlet
C. Weir
B. Gate
D. Flume
B. Gate
It is a gate placed across a stream from which it is desired to divert water.
A. Spillway
C. Weir
B. Check gate
D. Head gate
B. Check gate
The part of the dam that releases surplus of flush flood water which cannot be contained in the active storage of the reservoir.
A. Spillway
C. Weir
B. Check gate
D. Head gate
A. Spillway
A structure which conveys water from a higher to a lower level, maybe inclined or vertical.
A. Spillway
C. Drop structure
B. Water way structure
D. Watershed structure
C. Drop structure
A closed conduit usually circular, square or rectangular in cross section, used for conveying water across and under an elevated roadway, embankment and dikes.
A. Canal
C. Culvert
B. Gate
D. Drop
C. Culvert
It is natural or artificial channel that shortens a meandering stream
a. cut-off
C. Drawdown
B. Chutes
D. Transition
A. Cut off
A conveyance structure used to turn conduits of varying sizes and shapes.
A. Cut off
C. Drawdown
B. Chutes
D. Transition
D. Transition
Distribution control structures placed across an irrigation ditch to block the flow temporarily and to raise the upstream water level.
A. Turnouts
C. Culverts
B. Checks
D. Weirs
B. Checks
These are pipelines built on or near the ground surface to convey water across wide depressions.
A. Inverted siphons
C. Bench flumes
B. Drop structures
D. Parshall flumes
A. Inverted siphons
Structure that conveys water across but underneath natural depressions is:
A. Inverted siphon
C. Bench flume
B. Drop structure
D. Parshall flumes
A. Inverted siphon
It is often used where accurate measurements of low stream flows are required.
A. Sharp-crested weir
C. Parshall flume
B. Venturi flume
D. V-notch weir
A. Sharp-crested weir
A highly efficient variable head flow meter whose restriction contracts and expand very slowly.
A. Piezometer
C. Venturi
B. Weir
D. Sluice gate
C. Venturi
Its purpose is to prevent erosion at the toe of the dam which may result to failure to structure. As water charges over an overflow dam, most of its potential energy are converted into kinetic energy producing high velocities at the toe of the dam which causes erosion of the toe of the structure.
A. Apron
C. Spillway
B. Weir
D. Flumes
A. Apron
Structured devise design to hold a pool of water to cushion the impact and retard the flow of falling water as from an overflow weir, chute or drop.
A. Apron
C. Stilling basin
B. Sill
D. Pond
C. Stilling basin
A simple vertical tube used to measure pressure on the basis of the height of the column of liquid.
A. Piezometer
C. Venturi
B. Weir
D. Sluice gate
A. Piezometer
A panel generally rectangular, located near the lowest level of a tank or reservoir that, when lifted permits flows.
A. Piezometer
C. Venturi
B. Weir
D. Sluice gate
D. Sluice gate
These are breaks which occur in channel bank causing water to spilled from the channel in an uncontrolled manner.
A. Erosion
C. Cavitation
B. Breaches
D. Drainage
B. Breaches
The artificial application of water to the soil for the purpose of crop production.
A. Percolation
C. Irrigation
B. Drainage
D. None of these
C. Irrigation
It is accomplished by running water through small channels or furrows while it moves down or across the slope of the field.
A. Corrugation irrigation
C. Level-border or basin irrigation
B. Furrow irrigation
D. Contour-ditch irrigation
B. Furrow irrigation
Most commonly used type of irrigation that is suitable for row crops.
A. Sprinkler Irrigation
C. Drip Irrigation
B. Furrow irrigation
D. Border Irrigation
B. Furrow irrigation
Irrigation method used for row crops wherein only a part of the surface is wetted.
A. Basin flooding
C. Border irrigation
B. Furrow irrigation
D. Border-strip flooding
B. Furrow irrigation
Method of irrigation where water runs through small parallel channels as it moves down the slope of the field.
A. Basin irrigation
C. Surface irrigation
B. Furrow irrigation
D. None of these
B. Furrow irrigation
Recommended slope for furrow irrigation method.
A. 0.05 % to 3.0 %
C. ≤ 0.1%
B. 2.0% to 5.0%
D. None of these
A. 0.05 % to 3.0 %
Recommended slope for border irrigation method.
A. 0.05 % to 3.0 %
C. ≤ 0.1%
B. 2.0% to 5.0%
D. None of these
B. 2.0% to 5.0%
Recommended slope for basin irrigation method.
A. 0.05 % to 3.0 %
C. ≤ 0.1%
B. 2.0% to 5.0%
D. None of these
C. ≤ 0.1%
A device with individual scales on the rods to provide data to plot furrow depth as a function of the lateral distance where data can then be numerically integrated to develop geometric relationships such as area verses depth, wetted perimeter versus depth and top-width verses depth.
A. Infiltrometer
C. Penetrometer
B. Profilometer
D. None of these
B. Profilometer
Application of water by gravity flow to the surface of the field.
A. Basin irrigation
C. Surface irrigation
B. Furrow irrigation D. None of these
C. Surface irrigation
In furrow irrigation, the rate of water application should be ________ the intake rate of the soil.
A. Less than
C. Equal to
B. Greater than
D. Not related to
A. Less than
.In the furrow irrigation, it is the difference between the depth of water that infiltrated and the net depth requirement is the
A. Runoff
C. Deep percolation
B. Application losses
D. Seepage
C. Deep percolation
What is the term for water that penetrates into the soil and flows laterally in the surface soil to a stream channel?
A. Runoff
C. Percolation
B. Interflow
D. All of these
B. Interflow
Surface irrigation method where a much smaller area is enclosed by levees.
A. Trickle irrigation
C. Drip irrigation
B. Basin flooding
D. Flood routing
B. Basin flooding
An irrigation method formed by building longitudinal levees approximately parallel to the contour and connecting them at a desirable places with levees at right angle.
A. Check contour
C. Basin
B. Border
D. Furrow
A. Check contour
The simplest and most widely used of all surface irrigation method, adapted to suit many crops and
farming practices are.
A. Sprinkler
C. Basin
B. Border
D. Furrow
C. Basin
A piece of land divided into strips by small earth bunds usually sloping uniformly away from the farm channel in the direction of water flow to irrigate similar crops and soil.
A. Basin
C. Border
B. Contour
D. Ponds
C. Border
They are recognized long narrow shape varying in size from 100-300m long and 3-30m wide and none level following the general slope of land.
A. Basin
C. Border
B. Furrow
D. Sprinkler
C. Border
Small earth embankment or dam built around each basin to hold water without leakage while it is infiltrate.
A. Basin
C. Border
B. Bunds
D. Ponds
B. Bunds
A level land surrounded by earth bunds in which water can be ponded until it infiltrates into the soil.
A. Basin
C. Borders
B. Contour
D. Ponds
A. Basin
Impoundment ponds that rely on rainfall and runoff as water source are also called:
A. Excavated ponds
C. Levee ponds
B. Watershed ponds
D. Embankment ponds
B. Watershed ponds
For the same pond area, the levee requirement is shortest for:
A. Square ponds
C. Octagonal ponds
B. Rectangular ponds
D. Circular ponds
D. Circular ponds
The height of the levee from the water surface to the top of the levee is called:
A. Dike height
C. Side slope
B. Freeboard
D. Fetch
B. Freeboard
Applying small quantities of water through a network of tubing is otherwise known as:
A. Drip irrigation
C. Trickle irrigation
B. Emitter irrigation
D. All of these
D. All of these
. Other terms for drip irrigation are ________ irrigation and _______ irrigation. This type of overhead irrigation operates at low pressure.
A. Trickle – micro
C. Trickle – border
B. Sprinkle – slide
D. Corrugation – trickle
A. Trickle – micro
The frequent slow application of water to the specific rootzone area of the plant is called:
A. Sprinkler irrigation
C. Trickle irrigation
B. Flooding
D. Furrow irrigation
C. Trickle irrigation
Applicator used in drip, subsurface, or bubbler irrigation designed to dissipate pressure and to discharge a small uniform flow or trickle of water at a constant rate that does not vary significantly because of minor differences in pressure.
A. Drippers
C. Nozzle
B. Emitters
D. None of these
B. Emitters
This method is the application of water to the surface of the soil in the form of spray, simulating that of rain.:
A. Sprinkler irrigation
C. Drip or trickle irrigation
B. Sub-irrigation
D. Corrugation irrigation
A. Sprinkler irrigation
In open channel, the term A/P is.
A. Hydraulic gradient
C. Hydraulic conductivity
B. Hydraulic radius
D. Hydraulics
B. Hydraulic radius
In designing an open channel, it is necessary to know what the material firming the channel bed is to know the value of:
A. Roughness coefficient
C. Bed slope
B. Side slope
D. Bottom slope
A. Roughness coefficient
The velocity of flow into the soil caused by a unit hydraulic gradient in which the driving force is one kilogram per kilogram of water.
A. Infiltration rate
C. Permeability
B Intake rate
D. Saturation point
C. Permeability
The soil reservoir is filled with flooding water on to the soil surface so that it can be absorbed by the soil. Absorbing water in this way is called.
A. Runoff
C. Infiltration
B. Seepage
D. Precipitation
C. Infiltration
The time rate at which water will percolate into the soil and can be expressed in terms of the following empirical equations.
A. Infiltration rate
C. Permeability
B. Intake rate
D. Saturation point
A. Infiltration rate
The need for water to infiltrate into the soil, depending on the depth of water and the soil.
A. Infiltration rate
C. Infiltration
B. Infiltration efficiency
D. None of these
A. Infiltration rate
The rate at which water percolates through the soil surface.
A. Infiltration rate
C. Drainage coefficient
B. Irrigation
D. None of these
A. Infiltration rate
The soil characteristic determining the maximum rate at which water can enter the soil under specific conditions including the presence of excess water is:
A. Infiltration rate
C. Infiltration
B. Capillarity
D. Surface tension
A. Infiltration rate
The rate of vertical water movement through the soil at saturated condition is:
A. Infiltration rate
C. Percolation rate
B. Depletion rate
D. Soil permeability
B. Depletion rate
The rate of infiltration from a furrow into the soil.
A. Infiltration rate
C. Permeability
B. Intake rate
D. Saturation point
b. intake rate
If too much water is applied in to the soil it is loss as flood this term is
A. Runoff
C. Infiltration
B. Seepage
D. Precipitation
A. Runoff
Groundwater discharge into a stream due to deep percolation of the infiltrated water into groundwater aquifers.
A. Groundwater surface runoff
C. Groundwater runoff
B. Groundwater subsurface runoff
D. Groundwater runoff volume
C. Groundwater runoff
Which is true about infiltration?
A.The process involves three stages: surface entry, filling up of soil profile storage potential, and transmission of water going out the soil profile.
B. It has a high initial rate that diminishes with time.
C. The fluid and the medium (soil properties) are the only factors affecting infiltration.
D. Infiltration stops when runoff occurs
B. It has a high initial rate that diminishes with time.
This method can be used if there is a piped water-distribution system where a hose pipe can be connected to a tap or outlet and there is enough pressure in the water as it emerges from the hose pipe.
A. Hose pipe
C. Drainage
B. Watering can
D. Overhead irrigation
A. Hose pipe
Which wets the entire land surface.
A. Hose pipe
C. Drainage
B. Watering can
D. By flooding
D. By flooding
It is the simplest piece of overhead irrigation equipment and is commonly used in small-scale upland farming.
A. Hose pipe
C. Drainage
B. Watering can
D. By flooding
B. Watering can
Wherein the soil is moistened in much the same way as rain.
A. Hose pipe
C. Drainage
B. Watering can
D. Overhead irrigation
D. Overhead irrigation
Methods of supplying water in the basin.
A. Direct supply and cascade supply
C. Flooding and pumping
B. Sprinkling and dripping
D. Wild flooding and pressurized supply
A. Direct supply and cascade supply
Which is the best method of irrigation for irregular topography?
A. Flooding
C. Furrow
B. Sprinkling
D. Sub-irrigation
B. Sprinkling
Which irrigation method has the best control of water supplied?
A. Flooding
C. Furrow
B. Sprinkling
D. Sub-irrigation
B. Sprinkling
Which is the best method of irrigation for row crops?
A. Flooding
C. Furrow
B. Sprinkling
D. Sub-irrigation
C. Furrow
This is the most widely used for irrigating row crops where water is confined to small channel between the crop row.
A. Border
C. Furrow
B. Sprinkler
D. basin
C. Furrow
Under micro-irrigation system, water is applied.
A. Below the root zone
C. At high pressure
B. At low flow rates
D. Over short period of time
B. At low flow rates
When laterals of a sprinkler irrigation system run ___(X)___, the pressure in the lateral ___(Y)___ because of friction and because of the change in elevation.
A. X = uphill; Y = increases
C. X = uphill; Y = drops
B. X = downhill; Y = drops
D. Either A or B
C. X = uphill; Y = drops
The best way of managing a farm with high water table to obtain optimum yield is
A. Frequent application of high irrigation thru sprinkler during the growth season
B. Application of heavy sprinkler irrigation during the rainy season
C. Application of large amount of irrigation water by a surface method during the growing season
D. Non-application of water during the entire period of growing season
D. Non-application of water during the entire period of growing season
If the operating pressure of a sprinkler nozzle is doubled but the diameter remains the same, what will happen to the discharge?
A. Double
C. Increase by 41.4%
B. Eight times as great
D. Four times as great
C. Increase by 41.4%
It is the type of sprinkler irrigation system where the number of laterals installed is equal to the total number of lateral positions
A. Hand move system
C. Set system
B. Periodic move
D. Special type
C. Set system
The recommended pressure head variation in the lateral between the first and the last sprinkler.
A. 20%
C. 70%
B. 50%
D. 100%
A. 20%
. It is the soil moisture allowable depletion of most crops.
A. 20%
C. 70%
B. 50%
D. 100%
B. 50%
Which is not a component of the impact arm of an impact sprinkler?
A. Nozzle
C. Vane
B. Counterweight
D. Spoon
A. Nozzle
Pressure required to overcome the elevation difference between the water source and the sprinkler nozzle, to counteract friction losses and to provide adequate pressure at the nozzle for good water distribution.
A. Average pressure
C. Pressure requirement
B. Design pressure
D. None of these
B. Design pressure
Diameter of the circular area wetted by the sprinkler when operating at a given pressure and no wind.
A. Wetted perimeter
C. Diameter of throw
B. Wetted diameter
D. All of these
B. Wetted diameter
Portion of the perimeter of the canal that is in contact with the flowing water.
A. Wetted perimeter
C. Diameter of throw
B. Wetted diameter
D. All of these
A. Wetted perimeter
The lateral flow of liquid through porous media; the loss of water from irrigation canals.
A. Soil conservation
C. Percolation
B. Seepage
D. Watershed
B. Seepage
Which is highly dependent on soil texture, refers to the downward movement of water through a depth of soil.
A. Percolation
C. Transpiration
B. Evapotranspiration
D. Seepage
A. Percolation
It is a mathematical expression for the macroscopic flow of water through a porous system.
A. Steady state groundwater flow equation
C. Laplace Equation
B. Darcy’s Law
D. Scobey’s Equation
B. Darcy’s Law
The simplest form of open-channel flow computation is:
A. Unsteady uniform flow
C. Steady non-uniform flow
B. Steady uniform flow
D. Unsteady non-uniform flow
B. Steady uniform flow
The infiltration equation based on the exhaustion process is the _____.
A. Lewis-Kostiakov
C. Philip
B. Horton
D. Green-Ampt
B. Horton
ThE infiltration equation that relates infiltration capacity and cumulative infiltration is:
A. Lewis-Kostiakov
C. Philip
B. Horton
D. Green-Ampt
D. Green-Ampt
An equation or method used in the estimation and representation of evapotranspiration rate.
A. Hargreaves equation
C. Lewis-Kostiakov equation
B. Horton’s equation
D. Rational equation
A. Hargreaves equation
The basic form of energy loss in flow equation stating that the energy loss is directly proportional to some friction factor, the length of the system and the kinetic energy level and inversely proportional to the diameter of the conductor
A. Darcy equation
C. Bernoullis equation
B. Manning equation
D. Hagen – Poiseuille equation
A. Darcy equation
Run-off is the difference between the gross depth of irrigation water and the _____.
A. Net depth requirement
C. Crop evapotranspiration
B. Depth that infiltrated
D. Water use rate
A. Net depth requirement
A term adapted to measures utilizing both or in combination with the biological and engineering measures.
A. Culvert
C. Drop structures
B. Vengineering
D. Flume
B. Vengineering
Establishment of natural waterways or construction of canals and planting it with grasses to make it stable and arrest soil erosion.
A. Riprap
C. Check dams or weirs
B. Grassed waterways
D. Farm Ponds / Water Impounding Dams
B. Grassed waterways
The most common method of conveying water for irrigation is,
A. Irrigation units
C. Irrigation system
B. Open channel
D. Watershed
B. Open channel
This is determined by placing an air-dry soil in a nearly saturated atmosphere at 25°C until it absorbs no more water. This tension is equal to a force of 31 atm. Water at this tension is not available to plants:
A. Field capacity water
C. Gravitational coefficient
B. Hygroscopic coefficient
D. Capillary coefficient
B. Hygroscopic coefficient
Water held by forces of surface tension and continuous films around the soil particles is:
A. Capillary water
C. Hygroscopic water
B. Gravitational water
D. Soil water
A. Capillary water
The attraction of water into a hair like opening which defend both on cohesion of the liquid and on the adhesion of the liquid to solid wall.
A. Infiltration
C. Infiltration rate
B. Capillary
D. Surface tension
B. Capillary
Water held tightly to the surface of soil particle by adsorption forces is:
A. Capillary water
C. Hygroscopic water
B. Gravitational water
D. Soil water
C. Hygroscopic water
It is the water retained about individual soil particles by molecular action and can be removed only by heating.:
A. Permanent wilting point
C. Hygroscopic water
B. Hydrophobic water
D. Microscopic water
C. Hygroscopic water
Water that moves freely and drains out of the soil is:
A. Capillary water
C. Hygroscopic water
B. Gravitational water
D. None of these
B. Gravitational water
It is the sheet of water which overflows a weir:
A. Napped
C. Weir crest
B. Weir pond
D. Weir gauge
A. Napped
Sprinkler type with operating pressure from 20-40 psi:
A. High pressure
C. Low pressure
B. Medium pressure
D. None of these
C. Low pressure
The channel connected to the main canal which distributes irrigation to specific areas:
A. Headworks
C. Shallow tubewell
B. Communal irrigation system
D. Secondary canal
D. Secondary canal
Any open or close ground or surface for the passage of water.
A. Water way
C. Percolation
B. Seepage
D. Watershed
A. Water way
This refers to the additional height or depth of hydraulic structures.
A. Flash board
C Jump height
B. Free board
D. Critical depth
B. Free board
The minimum distance from the center of the lone pumped well wherein no drawdown will be observed is the ___________.
A. Well radius
C. Radius of influence
B. Radius of interference
D. Drawdown curve
C. Radius of influence
This results from overlapping radii of influence of neighboring wells.
A. Drawdown
C. Well interference
B. Groundwater decline
D. Drawdown curve
C. Well interference
Water horsepower divided by pump efficiency, in decimal.
A. Stochastic process
C. Water horsepower
B. Brake horsepower
D. Barrow process
B. Brake horsepower
Graphs that show interrelations between speed, head discharge, and horsepower of a pump.
A. Static head
C. Drawdown
B. Total dynamic head
D. Characteristic curve
D. Characteristic curve
The sum of total head above the vapor pressure of the liquid being pumped at a given pumping temperature.
A. Static head
C. Drawdown
B. Total dynamic head
D. Net discharge head
B. Total dynamic head
The suction head of centrifugal pump should not exceed the:
A. Gross positive suction head
C. Total dynamic head
B. Net positive suction head
D. Maximum practical suction lift
B. Net positive suction head
The difference in elevation of the water surface in a pond, lake, or river from which pumped water is taken, and the water surface of the discharge canal into which the water flows from a submerged discharged pipe or the difference in elevation between the water surface in the well and the water surface of the discharged canal.
A. Static head
C. Drawdown
B. Total dynamic head
D. Net discharge head
A. Static head
If the suction lift is 6 m, the suited type of pump is
A. Axial flow
C. Centrifugal
B. Submersible
D. Mixed flow
C. Centrifugal
An example of a rotodynamic pump is:
A. Plunger pump
C. Centrifugal pump
B. Diaphragm pump
D. Hydraulic ram
C. Centrifugal pump
Expresses the relationship between speed in rpm, discharge in gpm, and head in feet.
A. Static head
C. Drawdown
B. Specific speed
D. Characteristic curve
B. Specific speed
Mixed flow pumps are used for:
A. High head, high discharge operation
C. High head, low discharge operation
B. Low head, high discharge operation
D. Low head, low discharge operation
B. Low head, high discharge operation
A centrifugal pump is used to irrigate an entire field. But upon starting the engine, the pump has shakes and produces too much noise. Worse, the water discharged has inconsistent flow. What is the probable remedy for the uneven water discharge?
A. Increase pump speed
C. Tighten defective gland packing
B. Clean clogged strainer
D. Check if impeller and casing rub
C. Tighten defective gland packing
A centrifugal pump is used to irrigate an entire field. But upon starting the engine, the pump has shakes and produces too much noise. Worse, the water discharged has inconsistent flow. How will the problem on vibration and noise be solved?
A. Increase pump speed
C. Check if impeller and casing rub
B. Tighten defective gland packing
D. Check and correct pump rotation
C. Check if impeller and casing rub
In a well, it is the difference in elevation between the groundwater table and the water surface at the well when pumping.
A. Static head
C. Drawdown
B. Total dynamic head
D. Characteristic curve
C. Drawdown
Static water level is the level at which the water rests in a well before pumping. On the other hand, pumping water level is the level at which water stands in a well when pumping at any given rate. What do you call the difference between the two water levels?
A. Depression
C. Drawdown
B. Specific yield
D. Coefficient of storage
C. Drawdown
The volume of water that can be stored in or released from an aquifer per unit horizontal area per unit change in hydraulic head is
A. Specific storage
C. Storage coefficient
B. Specific yield
D. Transmissivity
C. Storage coefficient
An appurtenance to the pipeline which permits the passage of air to or from the pipeline.
A. Surge
C. Vent
B. Water hammer
D. Gate
C. Vent
Portion of the pipe network between the mainline and the laterals.
A. Connector
C. Manifold
B. Valve
D. None of these
C. Manifold
A hydraulic shock occurs when water flowing to pipe undergoes sudden changes in velocity.
A. Cavitation
C. Hydraulic ram
B. Water hammer
D. Centrifugal force
B. Water hammer
Removal of impurities inside the pipes.
A. Flushing
C. Brushing
B. Fertigation
D. Air compressing
A. Flushing
This is provided in a pipe drain to prevent seepage.
A. Core trench
C. Collar
B. Freeboard
D. Frame
A. Core trench
If the impeller width of a pump is decreased by 40%, what will happen to the head required?
A. Decrease by 16%
C. Increase by 16%
B. Increase by 6.32%
D. Decrease by 64%
D. Decrease by 64%
The formation of cavities filled with the liquid vapor due to a local pressure drop and their collapse as soon as the vapor bubbles reach regions of high pressure.
A. Cavitation
C. Hydraulic ram
B. Water hammer
D. Centrifugal force
A. Cavitation
Process of removing air in the suction line of the water pump.
A. Back flow
C. Cavitation
B. Priming
D. Suction
B. Priming
The other term for gravity well.
A. Confined well
C. Deep well
B. Water table well
D. Well on perched aquifer
C. Deep well
The field activity performed to determine the hydraulic properties of an aquifer is:
A. Well logging
C. Pumping test
B. Pump testing
D. Well development
C. Pumping test
A tube or shaft vertically set into the ground for the purpose of bringing groundwater to the soil surface
from a depth of less than 20 meters by suction lifting.
A. Headworks
C. Shallow tubewell
B. Communal irrigation system
D. Secondary canal
C. Shallow tubewell
These are wells that are used for obtaining only freshwater in situations where freshwater and saltwater interface blend.
A. Skimming wells
C. Screen wells
B. Semi-artesian wells
D. Deep tube wells
A. Skimming wells
Removal of water from the road area by the use of culverts, ditches, channels and other several structures.
A. Crushed Gravel
C. Course
B. Roadway Embankment
D. Drainage
D. Drainage
Removal of excess water in the soil to create conditions suitable for plant growth.
A. Hose pipe
C. Overhead irrigation
B. Watering can
D. Drainage
D. Drainage
This resembles terracing in that the drainage ditches are constructed around the slope on a uniform grade according to the land topography.
A. Random ditch system
C. Interception or cross-slope system
B. Double-main system
D. Diversion or parallel ditch system
C. Interception or cross-slope system
This is suitable on flat, poorly drained soils that have numerous shallow depressions.
A. Random ditch system
C. Interception or cross-slope system
B. Double-main system
D. Diversion or parallel ditch system
D. Diversion or parallel ditch system
The soil type largely influences the width of bed to be used. The furrows drain to collection ditches.
A. Random ditch system
C. Bedding system
B. Double-main system
D. Natural system
C. Bedding system
This system is often used if the bottom of the depression is wide since it reduces the lengths of the laterals and eliminates the break in slope of the laterals at the edge of the depression.
A. Random ditch system
C. Bedding system
B. Double-main system
D. Natural system
B. Double-main system
This system is used in rolling topography where drainage is necessary only in small valleys.
A. Random ditch system
C. Bedding system
B. Double-main system
D. Natural system
D. Natural system
This system is adapted to areas that have depressions which are too deep or too large to fill by land leveling. The ditches meander from one low spot to another, collecting the water and carrying it to an outlet ditch.
A. Random ditch system
C. Interception or cross-slope system
B. Double-main system
D. Diversion or parallel ditch system
A. Random ditch system
In drainage, open channel is often referred to as:
A. Canals
C. Manholes
B. Traps
D. Drains
A. Canals
A temporary method of drainage artificially produced in the subsoil with digging a trench from the surface:
A. Canal
C. Transition
B. Flood routing
D. Mole drain
D. Mole drain
The depth of water in mm or inches to be removed in 24 hr period from the drainage area.
A. Infiltration rate
C. Infiltration
B. Drainage coefficient
D. Percolation
B. Drainage coefficient
The amount of drainage water to be removed per unit time per unit area is the____.
A. Drainage requirement
C. Drain spacing
B. Drainage coefficient
D. Drainage volume
B. Drainage coefficient
The drainage spacing is inversely proportional to:
A. Hydraulic conductivity
C. Head
B. Equivalent depth
D. Drainage coefficient
D. Drainage coefficient
The submain is laid in a depression and the laterals join the submain from each side alternately.
A. Border-strip flooding
C. Herringbone Pattern
B. Ordinary flooding
D. Gridiron Layout
C. Herringbone Pattern
Subsurface system wherein laterals join the submain on the both sides alternately.
A. Gridiron
C. Parallel drain system
B. Herringbone
D. Double main system
B. Herringbone
Drainage system layout suitable for concave areas is:
A. Gridiron
C. Random
B. Herringbone
D. None of these
B. Herringbone
Drainage system layout suitable for draining isolated wet spots is:
A. Gridiron
C. Random
B. Herringbone
D. None of these
C. Random
Drain layout for fields with relatively flat portions in the middle.
A. Gridiron
C. Double main
B. Herringbone
D. Natural
C. Double main
Used if the entire area is to be drained and is usually more economic. Laterals enter the submain from one side only to minimize the double drainage that occurs near the submain
A. Border-strip flooding
C. Herringbone Pattern
B. Ordinary flooding
D. Gridiron Layout
D. Gridiron Layout
A field is divided into a series of strips by borders or ridges running down the predominant slope or on the contour.
A. Border-strip flooding
C. Herringbone Pattern
B. Ordinary flooding
D. Gridiron Layout
A. Border-strip flooding
This is used if the main source of excess water is drainage from hill lands. The drains are placed along the toe of the slope to protect the bottom land.
A. Intercepting Drain
C. Herringbone Pattern
B. Ordinary flooding
D. Gridiron Layout
A. Intercepting Drain
Water is applied from field ditches to guide its flow and it is difficult to attain high irrigation efficiency using this method.
A. Border-strip flooding
C. Herringbone Pattern
B. Ordinary flooding
D. Gridiron Layout
B. Ordinary flooding
A small drain constructed at the end of each boarder to remove excess surface water.
A. Main drain
C. Open drain
B. Tail drain
D. None of these
B. Tail drain
The following are the functions of drainage, except:
A. Decreases the depth of root zone
C. Facilitates early plowing and planting
B. Improves soil ventilation
D. Increases water infiltration into soil
A. Decreases the depth of root zone
In Hooghoudt’s drain spacing formula it is assumed that _____.
A. The water table is in equilibrium w/ the rainfall or irrigation water.
B. The drains are evenly spaced.
C. Darcy’s law is valid for flow through the soils.
D. All of the above
D. All of the above
The recommended flow velocity on earth canals is:
A. 0.30-1.0 m/s
C. 0.10-0.75 m/s
B. 1.0-2.0 m/s
D. None of these
A. 0.30-1.0 m/s
The maximum permissible water velocity for clay loam canal surface based on PAES 603:2016.
A. 1.2 m/s C. 0.9 m/s
B. 1 m/s D. 0.80 m/s
The maximum permissible water velocity for clay loam canal surface based on PAES 603:2016.
A. 1.2 m/s
C. 0.9 m/s
B. 1 m/s
D. 0.80 m/s
D. 0.80 m/s
The minimum permissible velocity for water with sediments in lined canals based on PAES 603:2016.
A. 1.2 m/s
C. 0.9 m/s
B. 1 m/s
D. 0.80 m/s
C. 0.9 m/s
