B and T cells

Question 1

Amino acids within a chain are held together in an antibody by …

Answer 1

Peptide bonds

Question 2

Heavy and Light chains in antibodies are held together by …

Answer 2

Disulfide bridge

Question 3

Antigens binding sights are formed as a result of its …

Answer 3

Tertiary structure

Question 4

What makes up the constant region of an antigen?

Answer 4

Heavy and light chains joined by disulfide bridges

Question 5

What makes up the variable region of an antigen?

Answer 5

Antigen binding sight

Question 6

What are antibodies?

Answer 6

An antibody is a protein secreted by plasma cells, produced by naive B cells in response to the presence of a specific antigen

Question 7

How are plasma cells formed?

Answer 7

A naive B cell binds with a Helper T cell which releases interleukins which stimulates the B cell to clone itself and differentiate into either plasma or memory cells

Question 8

Plasma cells typically survive for …

Answer 8

A few days

Question 9

What do plasma cells release?

Answer 9

Antibodies

Question 10

What are monoclonal antibodies?

Answer 10

Antibodies with the same tertiary structure, produced from cloned B cells

Question 11

What forms when an Antigen and Antibody bind?

Answer 11

Antigen-Antibody complex

Question 12

How many antigens can an antibody bind to at once?

Answer 12

2 antigens

Question 13

What is the process of clumping antigens together called?

Answer 13

Agglutination

Question 14

What are antibodies that carry out agglutination called?

Answer 14

Agglutinins

Question 15

What is Agglutination?

Answer 15

Antibodies bind to antigens on pathogens, causing them to clump together

Question 16

Why is Agglutination useful?

Answer 16

• It makes it easier for the phagocyte to find and destroy the pathogen
• It slows the movements of pathogens through the body

Question 17

What is the function of antibodies as opsonins?

Answer 17

Antibodies bind to the complementary receptors on phagocytes and complementary antigens on pathogens, allowing the phagocyte to destroy the pathogen

Question 18

What is the function of antibodies as anti-toxins?

Answer 18

Antibodies can bind to toxins released by pathogens, preventing them from functioning

Question 19

What happens when a memory B cells encounters an antigen?

Answer 19

It’s receptors bind to the antigen, the invading cell is internalised and the antigens are presented on its surface where it binds to a Helper T cell which stimulates the memory B cell with interleukins to clone itself either as Plasma cells or Memory B cells

Question 20

How long do Memory B cells last in the body?

Answer 20

Years

Question 21

What do Memory B cells not produce, that Plasma cells do?

Answer 21

Antibodies

Question 22

Which responds faster to antigens? Naive B cells or Memory B cells

Answer 22

Memory B cells

Question 23

Which produces more plasma cells? Naive B cells or Memory B cells

Answer 23

Memory B cells

Question 24

Which produces more antibodies? Naive B cells or Memory B cells

Answer 24

Memory B cells

Question 25

What is the response to the first encounter with an antibody called?

Answer 25

The primary immune response

Question 26

What is the response to a re-encounter with an antigen?

Answer 26

The secondary immune response?

Question 27

Which response is faster?

Answer 27

Secondary immune response