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Russia and its Rulers > B - Alexander III > Flashcards

B - Alexander III Flashcards

1
Q

What were the causes of the Crimean war?

A

“Eastern question”, treaties of Adrianople, Unkar Skelesi and Straits convention, religious tensions

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2
Q

Reasons for Russia’s loss in the Crimean war?

A

disorganisation of army: serfs, lack of modern techniques, no supply routes / no communication or transport

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3
Q

What were the most striking consequences of the Crimean war?

A

highlighted the necessity to reform: catching up to the West through industrialisation, fear of revolution from below

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4
Q

What were the social consequences of the Crimean War?

A

emancipation of Serfs, reforms in education, 450000+ casualties

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5
Q

What were the military consequences of the Crimean War?

A

Russia was prohibited from maintaining a fleet in the Black sea, modernisation of the military (harsh discipline, modernisation of training)

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6
Q

What were the political consequences of the Crimean War?

A

catalyst of reforms, reform of local governments: Zemstva

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7
Q

What were the economic consequences of the Crimean War?

A

construction of 20000km of railway system, war weakened Russian finances

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8
Q

Why was the emancipation of the Serfs required for modernisation?

A

as otherwise they’re tied down to the land instead of being able to congregate in cities

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9
Q

Reasons for emancipation?

A

Crimean war, moral/ethical reasons, army couldn’t be reorganised, peasant unrest, to preserve autocracy, benefits of free peasant labour

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10
Q

What were the terms of emancipation?

A

serfs received the land they worked on from nobility, but had to pay redemption payments (up to 49 years), mir was strengthened (control of ex-serfs), ex-serfs were in a different system of justice

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11
Q

Consequences of emancipation for nobles?

A

1/3 of land lost, redemption payments only went towards repaying debt

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12
Q

Consequences of emancipation for serfs?

A

dissatisfaction (1195 uprisings in the first year), loss of land, redemption fees, still tied to the mir

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13
Q

What were the social results of emancipation?

A

both peasant and nobility discontent

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14
Q

What were the economic results of emancipation?

A

encouraged growth of rail-ways, banking, cities and industry, flow to towns restricted by mir, no strong market or surplus production

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15
Q

What were the political results of emancipation?

A

gentry’s loss of political power = they demanded more, Zemstva created, growth of liberalism

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16
Q

What were the ‘Fundamental laws’ of 1832?

A

state that the emperor of Russia is an ‘autocrat and an unlimited monarch’

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17
Q

Who were Committee of ministers?

A

a group responsible for particular and purely administrative roles (didn’t formulate policies)

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18
Q

Who were the Council of ministers?

A

main task was to discuss draft legislations

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19
Q

Who were the Imperial council?

A

a body that gave informal advice to the tsar on legal and financial matters

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20
Q

What was the ‘Third section’?

A

a secret police that was in charge of security, involved control over any careless or dangerous expression

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21
Q

What was the role of the nobility?

A

provincial governors, faithful supporters of the tsar

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22
Q

What was the main slogan of tsars?

A

Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality

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23
Q

What were the reforms made by Alexander II in terms of local government?

A

Zemstva Act 1864
Municipal Statue 1870 - Duma town councils

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24
Q

Evidence of change/success of the reforms for local government?

A

Zemstva: delegation of powers, included different groups (40% peasants), improved administration
Duma: responsibility of public matters

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25
Q

Evidence of continuity or failure of the reforms for local government?

A

Zemtsva didn’t treat people equally, no responsibility beyond local issues
tsar still held most power and no consideration for a central body

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26
Q

What were the reforms made by Alexander II in terms of legal matters?

A

Judicial reforms 1864

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27
Q

Evidence of change/success of the reforms for legal matters?

A

independent judiciary, independent bar (spread of ideas), public trials, public salaries to avoid bribery

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28
Q

Evidence of continuity or failure of the reforms for legal matters?

A

judges were selected by tsar, subjectivity of judges, following the Vera Vasulich case - no voice for political opponents (private courts)

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29
Q

What were the reforms made by Alexander II in terms the military?

A

Military Code 1863
Statute on Universal Military Service 1874
Miliutin as minister of war

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30
Q

Evidence of change/success of the reforms for the military?

A

conscription reduced and extended to all classes, extreme corporal punishment ended, Special Army Schools, reduced service for the educated

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31
Q

Evidence of continuity or failure of the reforms for the military?

A

nationalists opposed reforms, bribery & infighting

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32
Q

What were the reforms made by Alexander II in terms of education?

A

Education reform 1862
University regulation 1863

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33
Q

Evidence of change/success of the reforms for education?

A

expansion of university places, extended primary education, texts from abroad - universities were given autonomy

34
Q

Evidence of continuity or failure of the reforms for education?

A

class bias for poor students, many of these were reversed by Toltsoy -> 1866 assassination attempt created restrictions

35
Q

Describe the intelligenstia as opponents of the tsar.

A

anti-autocracy, wanted to dismantle the Orthodox church, tiny proportion of the population

36
Q

How did the events of 1862-69 lead to a growth in revolutionary activity?

A

failure of emancipation to liberate the peasantry, dissolution of St Petersburg zemtsvo after calls for constitutional reform, 1866 assassination attempt and increasing reliance of the Third Section

37
Q

What was the Chaikovsky Circle?

A

a group that believed that the peasants weren’t ready for uprising, so they distributed propaganda/banned books, pressing forward the “t the people” approach

38
Q

What happened with the Narodniks and ‘Going to the people’?

A

1874 - members went to countryside aiming to get the peasants’ to understand their views
however peasants denounced them to authorities and 800 people were arrested

39
Q

What were the two trials that made the government look impotent and incompetent?

A

193 trial: only 153 acquitted and were given light sentences
Vera Vasulich: wasn’t acquitted

40
Q

Who were the Black Partition as opponents of the tsar?

A

group who used peaceful methods - black soil province amongst the peasants

41
Q

Who were the People’s Will as opponents of the tsar?

A

violent group: planted a spy in the Third Section and thus outmanoeuvre the police, attempted assassination of tsar 1879 and attempt to blow up Winter Palace in 1880

42
Q

How many people were subjected to internal exile in Serbia between 1801-1917?

A

over 1 million

43
Q

What was the Ministry of Internal affairs responsible for?

A

detailed supervision of Russia’s provincial administration, entirely arbitrary system of law enforcement

44
Q

Why was censorship introduced?

A

to fight liberal and nationalist ideas

45
Q

What did censorship entail?

A

vigorous suppression of free speech, 1865 Press Laws: permission to publish had to be obtained before publishing

46
Q

Why can we argue that the 1866 assassination attempt bought an end to Alexander’s reforms to Russia?

A

Alexander rejected demands for general assembly
a swing to the right: Toltsoy as education minister, limited entry
Pyotr Shuvalov as head of Third section
and Konstatin Pahlen as ministry of justice

47
Q

Describe the development of the Secret Police?

A
  • following sept 1878, those who were suspected were liable for exile
  • 1879, another attempt on the Tsar, ‘Temporary Governors General’ were allocated
  • after 1880 attempt, Third Section was abolished (inefficient)
    replaced by Department of Police
  • after 1881, Corps of Gendamers were not subject to judiciary supervision -> secret police was essence of the Russian monarchy
48
Q

What were the problems of Russia’s economy?

A

limited rail tracks, lack of an efficient administrative system, lack of financial institutions

49
Q

How were state accounts reformed?

A

Reutern introduced proper system of public accounting and abolished tax farming -> confidence in investments
State Bank was founded in 1860, Municipal in 1862 and Savings in 1869, roubles were put in line with value of gold reserves

50
Q

How was railway construction reformed?

A

increase from 2194 miles in 1864 to 13,979 miles in 1878, significant boost to industry sector, attraction of foreign investment

51
Q

How was industrial production reformed?

A

1869 - John Hughes created New Russia Company in Ukraine, rich in coal and pig iron, Yuzovka & oil industry on the Caspian sea, 1860-1879 = 242.4 million poods of coal

52
Q

Evidence of success of economic reform?

A

increased trust due to public records -> encouraged investment, 6% growth per year, railway system increased trade/exports/movement of people, price of rye bread dropped by 66%

53
Q

Evidence of failure of economic reform?

A

small success in comparison to other countries, dependence on foreign investment (only 100 million roubles), peasants still paid high Poll tax, most railways were privately owned

54
Q

Aims of the Russian economy?

A

catch up to Industrialised west, strengthen standing in the world, retention of trading with foreign powers

55
Q

How much did the government invest in the economy, and what does this show?

A

53 million, shows that economy was a high priority and “proto-managed economy”

56
Q

What was Russian expansionism?

A

between 1646and 1914 Russia expanded more than any other European country - for strategic and economic reasons

57
Q

What is Russification?

A

suppression of local characteristics and imposing Russian language and identity - created distaste and hatred for government

58
Q

What was the nature of the opposition from the Poles?

A

hopeful of Alexander after years of opposition, but then 1863: Polish rebels attempted to seize control of government

59
Q

Treatment and policies towards Poles under Alexander II?

A

Wielopolski as Prime Minister (Tsar’s “lapdog”) -> no reforms were made, after he fled Emancipation Statue was introduced = fairer and more equitable distribution of land

60
Q

What was the nature of the opposition from Ukranians?

A

not as nationalistic as Poles, but wanted to build a seperate cultural identity

61
Q

Treatment and policies towards Ukranians under Alexander II?

A

1863 + 1876 decrees forbsde publication and import of books from Ukraine

62
Q

What was the nature of the opposition from Caucasians?

A

large diversity + high illiteracy rate meant easy Russification, but rising populist movement

63
Q

What was the nature of the opposition from the Finns?

A

low opposition due to liberal stance -> peaceful existence

64
Q

Treatment and policies towards Finns under Alexander II?

A

liberal stance - Finnish parliament in 1863 and constitution 1865

65
Q

Treatment and policies towards the Baltic Provinces under Alexander II?

A

centre of Russia economy -> Russification, including the renaming of various educational institutions

66
Q

What was the nature of the opposition from the Jews?

A

never posed much of a threat, only perceived

67
Q

Treatment and policies towards the Jews under Alexander II?

A

Pale of Settlement -> Jews only, migration out only allowed for economic reasons

68
Q

What were some causes of the Polish revolt?

A

rise of Polish nationalism (by summer of 1862=increase in n of mass demonstrations), proposal of forced conscription of Poles into the army, restoring a degree of Polish Autonomy (Warsaw uni),

69
Q

What was the Polish revolt like?

A

guerilla tactics - Polish nobles, threatened stability of government, significant destruction in countryside

70
Q

Why did the Polish revolt fail?

A

due to their inability to capture the hearts of the peasantry and gain their support

71
Q

What were the consequences of the Polish revolt?

A

Milyutin replaced Wielopolski, in 1866 Poland lost its name and became the Vistula region -> increased russification

72
Q

What did Milyutin’s plan involve?

A

Polish nobility exiled to Siberia, Polish peasants were emancipated with better terms than their Russian counterparts, 1869 - Uni of Warsaw language of instruction was Russian, Catholic Church had its property confiscated

73
Q

What was the main cause of the Russo-Turkish war?

A

Pan-Slavism

74
Q

What was the key difference between the Treaty of San Stefano and the Congress of Berlin?

A

the Treaty of San Stefano gave Russia a much better position, so the Congress of Berlin was seen as a defeat for Russia even though it gained control of the mouth of Danube -> Slavs were outraged and increased ill-feelings for Alexander II

75
Q

What was the Russo-Turkish war’s impact on Nature of government?

A

weakened the position of Alexander and his government

76
Q

Compare the Russo-Turkish war and the Crimean war?

A

both led to distaste to Alexander and his government and diminished the gov’s authority, but Russo-Turkish war didn’t lead to any reforms

77
Q

What was the Russo-Turkish war’s impact on the Economy?

A

financial crisis (collapse of the rouble), end of Free-Trade era in Russia’s economic developments

78
Q

What was Loris-Melinkov’s belief?

A

that an “attentive and positive response” was needed from the government to increase the “people’s trust”

79
Q

What were Loris-Melinkov’s reforms?

A

gave peasants securer civil rights, abolished Third Department, replaced Toltsoy, Abaza as minister of finance

80
Q

What was Loris-Melinkov’s proposal?

A

calling of a national assembly, in part elected and in part nominated members

Russia and its Rulers (6 decks)

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