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B Flashcards

1
Q

Staph aureus coagulase test

A

positive

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2
Q

Staph Aureus diseases

A

Boils, soft tissue infections, food poisoning and septicaemia

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3
Q

Staph aureus commensal of

A

Nose, hairline, groin

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4
Q

B-lactamase processes make staph aureus resistant to penicillin or methicillin?

A

Penicillin. MRSA resistant to methicillin through another mechanism.

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5
Q

Coagulase negative staphylococci are?

A

Skin commensals that cause infection in those with prothesis, immunosuppressed, neonates and the elderly.

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6
Q

What colour do alpha-haemolytic streptococci turn blood agar, green or clear?

A

Green as partial haemolysis.

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7
Q

Alpha haemolytic bacteria include?

A

Streptococci pneumonia and viridian’s streptococci.

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8
Q

Streptococci pneumoniae cause?

A

Septicaemia, meningitis, pneumonia.

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9
Q

Infective endocarditis is what? And what is it caused by?

A

Infection of the heart valves and caused by viridian’s streptococci.

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10
Q

What is a group A streptococci?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

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11
Q

Streptococci Pyogenes causes

A

Sore throats, cellulitis and necrotising fasciitus.

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12
Q

Group B streptococci alalactiae causes

A

Neonatal sepsis, meningitis and bactaremia. found in genital tract of 25% of women.

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13
Q

Group D streptococci

A

Enterococcus faecalis and faecium are often non-haemolytic, cause UTI and are a gut commensal.

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14
Q

Clostridium difficult causes

A

diarrhoea through toxin production and pseudomembranous colitis.

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15
Q

Clostridium difficile in hospital environment

A

Detected through toxins and antigens in faeces by ELISA and spreads via spores in hospital

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16
Q

Clostridium Perfringes is found?

A

In the soil and as a gut and faeces commensal.

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17
Q

Food poisoning through enterotoxin producing strains, and infections in major wounds including gas gangrene is caused by?

A

Clostridium Perfringes

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18
Q

Clostridium tetani causes

A

Tetanus, loss of inhibition at NMJ. Vaccine uses antigenic ally modified toxin (toxoid)

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19
Q

Clostridium Botulinum and anthracis?

A

cause botox and anthrax, common in IV drug users and may be used in biological warfare.

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20
Q

Gram negative cocci includes

A

Neisseria spp. and moraxella catarrhalis

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21
Q

Neisseria meningitides causes

A

Meningitis-Inflammation of the meniges

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22
Q

Neisseria meningitides causes concern when

A

isolated from a sterile site, PCR can be done on EDTA bloods for conformation.

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23
Q

Neisseria gonorrhoea causes

A

urethritis in men and pelvic inflammatory disease in females. spread sexually.

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24
Q

Moraxella catarrhalis causes

A

Respiratory tract infections- especially common in those with underlying lung pathologies.

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25
Q

What family are coliforms (gram negative bacilli) in?

A

Enterobacteriaceae

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26
Q

What usually inhabits the human gut and is identified by lactose fermentation in a preliminary test?

A

Gram negative bacilli.

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27
Q

E.coli virulence, reservoirs, lactose, serotypes?

A

several virulence mechanisms: pili, capsule, endotoxin and exotoxins, lactose fermentor, over 160 serotypes based on O antigen.

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28
Q

Common travellers diarrhoea is most commonly cause by:

A

enterotoxogenic e.coli.

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29
Q

Enterohaemorrhagic E.coli cause

A

bloody diarrhoea, haemolytic uraemia syndrome

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30
Q

Does salmonella ferment lactose?

A

nope

31
Q

Salmonella enterica causes(>1500 serotypes):

A

self-limiting enterocolitis, with or without bloody diarrhoea. can be invasive.

32
Q

Salmonella typhi(isolated from blood culture and faeces)

A

cause of typhoid fever, fever and constipation in early stages. travel risk.

33
Q

Shigella spp

A

diarrhoea, dysentry. travel.

34
Q

Klebsiella spp.

A

occasional UTI and pneumonia

35
Q

Proteus spp.

A

UTI often accompanied by stone.

36
Q

curved gram negative bacilli

A

campylobacter spp and helicobacter pylori

37
Q

campylobacter causes

A

foul smelling diarrhoea turns bloody

38
Q

campylobacter infection

A

fecal oral route, source is domestic animals-chicken

39
Q

campylobacter oxygen conditions

A

low oxygen conditions microaerophillic

40
Q

Common cause of ulcers

A

helicobacter pylori, damages mucous, live in human stomach

41
Q

cocco-bacilli

A

haemophillus influenzae

42
Q

capsulate form of haemophillus influenza formally cause of

A

meningitis, conjugate vaccine Hib now no longer a problem

43
Q

haemophillis influenza causes

A

respiratory tract infection

44
Q

pseudomonas spp transmission

A

soil and water, can infect medical equipment

45
Q

Pseudomonas spp cause

A

hospital acquired cause of sepsis, pneumonia, UTI. sensitive to a limited range of antibiotics.

46
Q

Anaerobes:

A

Bacteriodes spp. prevotella, porphyrmonas

47
Q

Baceriodes fragilis:

A

part of normal colonic flora, causes inter abdominal abscess, potential for spread to other sites.

48
Q

Oral anaerobes(prevotella, porphyromonas, pasteurella spp capnocytophyga spp)

A

cause dental abscesses, aspiration and pneumonia and arise in human and animal bite infections.

49
Q

miscellaneous bacteria:

A

cannot be stained with gram stain or cultured by normal methods

50
Q

Mycobacterium, spirochetes, chlamydia are all

A

miscellaneous bacteria

51
Q

ZN stain used in

A

mycobacterium species

52
Q

mycobacterium ID

A

culture required, automated liquid culture, 2-4 weeks molecular detection and ID.

53
Q

TB and leprosy are caused by

A

mycobacterium

54
Q

Rapid diagnostic nucleic acid amplification tests

A

diagnosing TB, where info about mycobacterial species would alter the persons care, large contact tracing initiative.

55
Q

Long spiral shaped bacteria, not easily seen in light microscopy, not easily cultured, immunofluorescence, serology diagnosis

A

Spirochaetes

56
Q

Spirochaete diseases

A

Syphilis, lyme disease, leptospirosis

57
Q

Treponema pallidum causes

A

syphilis

58
Q

lyme disease is caused by

A

borrelia burgdorferi

59
Q

leptospira interrogans

A

leptospirosis

60
Q

syphilis symptoms

A

primary: non painful skin lesions at site of infection (skin or mucous membranes) secondary syphilis (6-8weeks following primary) generalised systemic illness and rash
latent phase:symptomatic episodes may occur
Tertiary phase:CNS

61
Q

congenital syphilis

A

still birth, neonatal death or disease

62
Q

syphilis diagnosis

A

serology, nucleic acid amplification tests. managed w antibiotics, screening contact tracing.

63
Q

lyme diseasenstage 1

A

skin rash at site of tick bite

64
Q

stage 2 lyme disease

A

systemic illness in some patients, cardiac arrest neurological problems and musculoskeletal symptoms

65
Q

stage 3 lymes

A

chronic disease, skin nervous system or joint abnormalities.

66
Q

lyme diagnosis

A

serology and clinical assessment

67
Q

Leptospirosis area of concentration

A

kidneys

68
Q

how is leptospirosis spread

A

via urine and other body fluids and tissues

69
Q

high risk for leptosprirosis

A

sewage workers and waterspouts people

70
Q

clinical presentation of leptospirosis

A

wells disease- febrile illness with systemic upset, liver and renal failure, aseptic meningitis-105\mortality

71
Q

Chlamydia Respiratory infection caused by

A

chlamydia pneumonia and chlamydia psittaci

72
Q

Obligate intracellular bacteria, will not grow on agar, diagnosis by serology

A

chlamydia

73
Q

chlamydia trachomatis causes

A

trachoma(tropical eye infections) genital and neonatal infections

74
Q

ch;amydia trachoma’s diagnosis

A

nucleic acid amplification tests or first void urine or vagina swabs

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