B Flashcards
what was Gesells maturation theory?
• 1940-50 normative approach
• observed large groups of children to find skills and abilities in each group
what did gesells conclude from his research?
each group of children had a pattern/sequence of development that each child would progress through at different paces.
gesells wanted to establish milestones for each development and concluded that development was predetermined and the environment had little influence
what is a criticism of gesells maturation theory?
not helpful in explaining individual delay, cultural differed and children with learning difficulties
waht is mad head social learning theory?
• we learn how to behave by observing and internalising behaviour from others
• children are a blank slate and only have the ability to learn
•internalise behaviour by remembering observations and may reproduce behaviour depending on positive or negative reinforcement
what is the process of banduras social learning theory?
• 2 groups of children watched a video one group watched an adult be aggressive to a bobo doll the other was non-aggressive version
• children then put into a room with the bobo doll
• group 1 copied actions of the adult and were aggressive towards the doll and came up with new ways to harm the doll like a toy gun
• group 2 didn’t play with the doll and played peacefully with other toys
what is the diathesis stress model?
considers the influence of genetic and environmental factors on mental health
diathesis- predisposition to mental disorders due to abnormality in the brain
nurture- traumatic events in a persons life
what is foetal alcohol syndrome
•drinking during pregnancy
• smaller and heads smaller due to poor brain development
• may have heart defects, learning difficulties and neurological problems
what is ruebella?
• a maternal infection
•dangerous first month of life
• affects baby’s hearing, eye sight and heart
• most women are vaccinated
what is cmv?
• a maternal infection
• spread by bodily fluids
•most people infected at some point in life but no symptoms occur
how does lifestyle and diet affect a baby?
• affected by what mother eats during pregnancy and breastfeeding
• sugar and fat diet lead to high cholesterol and later hearts disease for the baby
• malnutrition/lack of healthy food leads to lifetime of poor health for the child
what is spina bifida?
•congenital defect
• baby’s spine and spinal cord don’t develop properly due to folic acid in preganacy and causes a gap in the spine
what are the PIES of spina bifida?
P- fluid on brain affects mobility -> paralysis
I- learning difficulties
E- low self esteem
S- trouble with friendships
what does congenital mean?
a condition or train from birth. it’s genetic but include other factors.
what factors can be responsible for congenital defects?
socio-economic - lack of access to sufficient nutritious food in pregnancy
environmental - working or living in polluted areas, excessive use of alcohol drugs and tobacco
infectious diseases during pregnancy pulse syphilis and rubella
what is a genetic predisposition?
the possibility that you will develop a certain condition inherited by one or both parents
what is cystic fibrosis?
both parents cry a recessive gene
defective protein resulting in mucus clogged lungs
chest and respiratory infections
physiotherapist helped clear mucus
what is brittle bone disease
passes from parents or genetic mutation
children are higher risk of breaking/fracturing bones due to bone not developing because of lack of collagen.
physiotherapist assistive equipment and drug treatments to strengthen bones
what is pku
rare disease
prevents child from breaking down amino acids found meat eggs etc
if consumed there will be a build up of harmful substances around brain
no cure
all babies immediately screened
treatments started immediately
would fail to meet milestones and developmental delay due to damaged brain - learning disability and death
whaf is huntingtons disease?
an inherited neuro degenerative disorder
progressive damage to nerve cells in the brain
usually between 35 and 55
can affect muscle coordination mental decline behavioural changes struggle with perception awareness thinking and judgement
progress of disease is usually predictable
mood swings irritability communication issues, movement and fidgeting
what is kelinfelters syndrome
extra X chromosome after baby conceived but it is not inherited
signs: baby is slow with reaching milestones may have undescended testicles, poor muscle power, delayed communication , difficulty socialising, expressing feelings which impacts emotional and social development leading to low self-confidence
mild learning difficulties such as lower attention span literacy issues, high rates of dyslexia and dyspraxia
onset of puberty is not affected treatment is available for low testosterone levels
most men are able to live independently and have careers and relationship relationships.
what is down’s syndrome?
an extra chromosome
varying levels of learning disability, characteristic physical features and associated medical issues.
Majority of cases are not inherited instead of genetic mistake in the sperm of an egg.
There’s a higher risk if women is a 45+ giving birth
life expectancy is a roughly 50 to 60 years
higher rates of depression of the health conditions are hearing visual or heart problems
improved health and social care support and education provided independent opportunities.
What is colour blindness?
colour vision deficiency
majority is a genetic condition its an abnormality in the retina (light sensitivity) although maybe result of other disease such as diabetes
important that way delivered services appropriate like colour schemes are used when printing information
what is duchenne muscular dystrophy?
A group of inherited conditions gradually weakens muscles leading to a disability
caused by changes and genes responsible for structure and function of muscles (fibre)
genetic mutation on X chromosome past only to males
mutation prevents production of vital muscle protein (dystrophin) essential for building and repairing muscles
usually diagnosed at five years old by 12 they may need a wheelchair
fine motor skills are less affected survival beyond 30 was rare but research is beginning to improve this
what makes a person susceptible to disease diseases?
According to the world health organisation most diseases involve environmental factors and interactions of many genes. An individual may not be born with a disease however their genetic makeup may make them more susceptible to acquiring later in life.
what is diabetes?
A chronic condition affecting how the body processes sugar
Regular physical activity helps control blood sugar levels and improve insulin effectiveness
What is type one diabetes?
The bodies immune system attacks insulin producing cells in the pancreas specific chains related to immune system increase chance but not all people with this development so environmental factors like a viral infection may activate the immune system leading to autoimmune destruction for insulin producing cells and genetically predisposed people predisposition is necessary, but environmental triggers are required to cause the onset of diabetes
what is type two diabetes?
The body becomes resistant/doesn’t produce enough. There’s a strong hereditary component with many genes linked to insulin production and glucose regulation higher chance if both parents have type two heavily influenced by environmental factors (lifestyle and diet) high sugar and unhealthy fats lead to obesity which is a major risk factor increased transfer usually the age of 45 from genetics perceptibility and age related factors like decrease in physical activities/weight gain. Genetic factors determine baseline risk.
What is cancer?
• uncontrolled cell growth that invade and damaged surrounding tissues
• some cancers caused by mutations from parents
• errors in cell division or exposure to environmental factors such as carcinogens like tobacco smoke asbestos UV radiation damage DNA
• viruses like HPV are associated with cancer development, cervical and throat
• exposure to harmful chemical chemicals and radiation leads to mutations
What is high blood cholesterol?
• alleviated levels of cholesterol in the blood which is a fatty substance that builds up in the arteries that’s needed of the building cells
• FH is an inherited genetic condition that causes extremely high levels of cholesterol mutated gene affecting how the body processes it
• it’s usually developed at a young age, regardless of cholesterol
• high saturated fats and cholesterol in foods lacking fruits, vegetables and whole grains that regulate cholesterol levels
• physical inactivity leads to weight gain which is a decrease in HDL (good cholesterol)
• smoking lowers HDL and damages blood vessels leading to the cholesterol building easily
• excessive alcohol equals weight gain
• cholesterol rises with age.
• Women tend to have lower levels before me.
What happens if you’re exposed to pollution?
respiratory shoulders, tobacco, smoke and air pollution affects nerves and muscles used for breathing and lining up air passages it ranges from mild (Mose) to severe pneumonia, lung cancer
Cardiovascular problems: smoking air pollution changes to lining of the heart and blood vessels which caused clots leading into heart attacks. Exposure during pregnancy leads to baby possibly getting congenital heart effects and cardiovascular disease later in life.
Allergies: irritant such as dust and pollen causing the immune system to overreact such as hayfever and asthma
what happens if you’re living in poor housing conditions
Respiratory disorders: overcrowding lack of heat poor ventilation causes damp mole homes leading to things like asthma and allergies babies young children and elderly are vulnerable
Cardiovascular sores: overcrowding lead to growth problems and increased chances of heart disease later in life poor quality house leaves to stress and an increase in blood pressure ready-made meals and processed foods which are high in salt fountain and sugar increase heart disease
Hypothermia: low income homes are unable to afford to heat the house. The lack of insulation link to rise in deaths. All the people are more likely to live in substance housing.
anxiety and depression poor quality housing may cause stress anxiety and mental health issues living in substantial houses with rising fuel bills and overcrowding can lead to disturbed sleep which could lead to mental health issues
What are the effects of not having accessibility to services?
availability of transport: living in remote areas might mean no public transport at all unreliable public transport results in late or missed appointments. Missed appointments have financial implications for health and social care services using hospital car parks can be expensive for people attending regular appointments or visiting relatives
opening hours of services: some people might not have the same access to GP services as others recruitment of GPs and nurses may be difficult in deprived areas. Hospital and GP appointments during working hours are inconvenient. Several services have been introduced to improve access to primary care services 111 is the emergency service line 999 is A&E mental health crisis lines and pharmacy subscriptions that can be delivered
People who do not access services: some groups of people find it difficult to access services such as homeless people enviable immigrants risk of certain disease diseases such as tuberculosis some families are getting regular with health checks and are vaccinated against certain infections like meningitis and measles, many people are reluctant to register with GP or are not registered
What is a dysfunctional family?
I found that is not providing all the support and benefits associated with being a family
What is secondary socialisation?
The process of learning appropriate behaviour in society in influences include education, media government and religion/culture
what is primary socialisation?
The process of a child learning the norms attitudes and values of the culture and society in which they are growing up in
how can parental divorce or separation affect development ? (social)
• children can experience emotional problems that may affect their self esteem leading to emotional distress and depression.
• could lead to child being influenced by their peers. risky behaviours like smoking.
•children of divorced parents are more likely to experience poverty and underachievement in education
how can sibling rivalry affect development (social)
• constant exposure to high levels of conflict could lead to aggressive behaviour/bullying towards others.
• Rosenthal and Doherty (1984): sibling rivalry often a result of bullying by their primary caregiver.
• it’s a way for the child to gain a sense of control in a family in which they feel powerless in.
• some parents encourage conflict and competition
How can parenting styles affect development? (social)
Braumrind (1960’s) parenting styles
• authoritative: not overly strict. taught to respect authority and develop boundaries
• authoritarian: very high expectations that overwhelm children with rules. children often become rebellious.
• permissive: parents make few demands and reluctant to implement roles into lives of children. children often lack sense of control. may have later problems with managing relationships and responsibilities.
• parents experiencing mental health problems may find it difficult to meet needs of their children
how can bullying affect development? (social)
• reasons for bullying: race, religion, looks etc. long term affects in a persons self esteem which can last into adulthood.
• development for development (DfE) provides advice and guidance to educational settings on how to deal with bullying behaviour
• by law all state schools must have a behaviour policy to deal with bullying and also workplaces.
•impacts emotional development may cause child to feel unsafe, lonely etc. for some self harm is a way of releasing feelings of guilt, self-loathing, distress and emotion pain. the behaviour is usually hidden.
how do culture, religion and beliefs affect development? (medical interventions)(social)
• jehovah’s don’t allow blood transfusions. some doctors have to take legal proceedings to ensure children can receive a life saving blood transfusion. they accept most other procedures.
• some cultures make their own remedies before coming to healthcare system only in crisis (eg chinese use traditional herbal remedies) pointe tips l for these to interact with medication of not discoloured this info.
• muslim women seen female medical assistance
• certain religions/ groups believe in power of prayer and seek no formal medical attention
