B 1.1 Carbohydrates and Lipids

Question 1

carbon atoms consist of

Answer 1

6 electrons, and 4 are in the outer shell (can form 4 covalent bonds)

Question 2

carbon can bond

Answer 2

covalently to other non-metals

Question 3

macromolecules

Answer 3

large molecule

Question 4

living organisms produce macromolecules

Answer 4

from subunits that are linked using covalent bonds

Question 5

subunits are

Answer 5

monomers

Question 6

chain of 10 or more monomers is a

Answer 6

polymer

Question 7

the covalent bonds that link the monomers in these polymers are made by

Answer 7

condensation reactions

Question 8

in a hydrolysis reaction…
(think opposite condensation rxn)

Answer 8

a large molecule is broken into smaller molecules and water is used up in the process

Question 9

hydrolysis reaction:
polypeptide + water =?

Answer 9

amino acids

Question 10

hydrolysis reaction:
polysaccharide + water = ?

Answer 10

monosaccharides

Question 11

monosaccharides are

Answer 11

sugars that cannot be split into simpler sugars, so they are monomers

Question 12

starch and glycogen function well as energy stores because

Answer 12

• the coiled and branched form of thee molecules makes them compact, don’t take up much spaced in cells
  -they are relatively insoluble and do not draw an excessive amount of water into cells by osmosis
  -when in surplus, glucose can be easily added and when scarce it can be removed

Question 13

cellulose is composed of

Answer 13

beta-glucose molecules linked by 1-4 glycosidic bonds. Glucose molecules alternate in their orientation

Question 14

glycoproteins and glycolipids are components of

Answer 14

plasma membranes, with short sugars projecting outwards from the membrane

Question 15

what allow for cell-cell recognition?

Answer 15

interactions between the oligosaccharides and carbohydrates-binding proteins in adjacent cells

Question 16

lipids are defined by their solubility

Answer 16

they dissolc=ve in non-polar solvents but are sparingly soluble or insoluble in water

Question 17

main lipids made by organisms

Answer 17

fats, oils, waxes,and steroids

Question 18

C:O and H:O ratios are higher in __________ and other hydrophillic carbon compounds

Answer 18

carbohydrates

Question 19

triglycerides (fats and oils) are made by

Answer 19

combining fatty acids and glycerol

Question 20

fatty acids have a

Answer 20

carboxyl group which is acidic

Question 21

glycerol is a alckol with

Answer 21

3 hydroxyl groups

Question 22

the new bonds that link the fatty acids to the glycerol are

Answer 22

ester bonds

Question 23

phospholipids are made by

Answer 23

combining two fatty acids and one phosphate group with glycerol

Question 24

in the production of triglycerides

Answer 24

condensation reactions create ester bonds and water is produced

Question 25

saturated fatty acids

Answer 25

all the carbon atoms are connected by single covalent bonds, the number of hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbons cannot be increased

Question 26

monounsaturated fatty acids

Answer 26

there is one double bond between 2 carbon atoms, more hydrogen could be incorporated without double bond

Question 27

polyunsaturated fatty acids

Answer 27

two or more double bonds

Question 28

consequence of unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 28

causes a "kink", and does not pack as nearly as saturated acids. causing them to melt at a lower temp\

Question 29

triglycerides with mostly unsaturated fatty acids are

Answer 29

liquid @ room temp, and are oils

Question 30

triglycerides with mostly saturated fatty acids are

Answer 30

solid @ room temp and liquid @ body temperature, and are fats

Question 31

fats and oils are efficient energy stores becuase

Answer 31

they release twice as much energy per gram

Question 32

fats and oils are poor heat conductors so they function as

Answer 32

thermal insulators that reduce the loss of hody heat to the environment

Question 33

phospholipids are...

Answer 33

amphipathic meaning that part of the molecule is hydrophillic, and part is hydrophobic

Question 34

in the phospholipid bilayer the hydrophillic head faces

Answer 34

outwards making contact with water

Question 35

in the phospholipid bilayer the hydrophobic tail faces

Answer 35

inwards away from the water

Question 36

steroids are mostly hydrocarbon and are therefore

Answer 36

hydrophobic. allowing them to pass through the phospholipid bilayers