AXR

Question 1

What 4 things could be seen indicating ‘air’ in the ‘wrong place’

Answer 1

Pneumoperitoneum
Pneumoretroperitoneum
Pneumobilia
Portal venous gas

Question 2

What is Rigler’s sign?

Answer 2

It is the presence of gas on both sides of the bowel wall, which is seen as a ‘double wall sign’.

Question 3

What two things can be seen relating to the liver indicating pneumoperitoneum?

Answer 3

Ability to see the falciform ligament

Ability to clearly see the liver outline

Question 4

Ability to see the outline of the kidneys indicates what?

Answer 4

Retropneumoperitoneum

Question 5

What are the two most common causes of retropneumoperitoneum?

Answer 5

Bowel perforation

Post-surgical

Question 6

What is more likely to show gas within the lumen of a vessel near the CENTRE of the liver?

Answer 6

Pneumobilia

Question 7

What is more likely to show gas within the lumen of a vessel near the PERIPHERY of the liver?

Answer 7

Portal venous gas

Question 8

What are the four most important causes of small bowel obstruction?

Answer 8

Hernias
Adhesions
Inflammation (e.g., from Crohn’s or UC)
Malignancy

Question 9

Give three causes of an ileus

Answer 9

Post-operative
Anticholinergic or opioid drugs
Infection or inflammation

Question 10

How large must the lumen of the small bowel be before it is considered ‘dilated’?

Answer 10

3cm

Question 11

What is the ‘small bowel equivalent’ of large bowel haustra?

Answer 11

Valvulae conniventes

Question 12

What is Rigler’s triad indicative of?

Answer 12

Gallstone ileus

Question 13

What are the components of Rigler’s triad?

Answer 13

Pneumobilia
Small bowel obstruction
Gallstone (often within the RIF/ileocaecal valve)

Question 14

What are the 4 main causes of large bowel obstruction?

Answer 14

Malignancy
Diverticular stricture
Faecal impaction
Volvulus

Question 15

How large must the lumen of the large bowel (*not including the caecum) be before it is considered ‘dilated’?

Answer 15

5.5cm

Question 16

How large must the lumen of the caecum be before it is considered ‘dilated’?

Answer 16

9cm

Question 17

Through what two mechanisms can a volvulus cause issues?

Answer 17

Bowel obstruction

Bowel ischaemia

Question 18

What does the presence of a ‘coffee bean sign’ suggest?

Answer 18

Sigmoid volvulus

Question 19

What does the presence of a ‘comma sign’ suggest?

Answer 19

Caecal volvulus

Question 20

What patients are likely to ‘swallow air’ leading to a distended stomach?

Answer 20

Anxious patients
Patients in pain
Patients that have had PPV

Question 21

What two radiological signs are suggestive of large bowel bowel wall inflammation?

Answer 21

Lead pipe appearance

Thumbprinting

Question 22

What does a lead pipe appearance suggest?

Answer 22

Chronic bowel wall inflammation

Question 23

Give 5 areas that may exhibit calcification

Answer 23

Gallbladder (Cholelithiasis)
Ureters (Urolithiasis)
Bladder (Bladder calculus)
Kidneys (Nephrocalcinosis)
Aorta (AAA)
Pancreas (Pancreatic calcification)
Adrenal Glands (Adrenal calcification)
Calcified uterine fibroids
Prostate calcification

Question 24

What is the most appropriate imaging modality to be ordered if renal calculi are suspected?

Answer 24

CT KUB

Question 25

Along what structures does the ureter usually pass?

Answer 25

The transverse processes of the vertebrae

Question 26

What is the most common cause of a bladder stone?

Answer 26

Urinary stasis

Question 27

What is the difference between nephrocalcinosis and renal calculi?

Answer 27

Nephrocalcinosis involves abnormal deposition of calcium in the parenchyma o the kidney, while renal calculi involves deposition in the collecting system (not the parenchyma)

Question 28

What Isd the most common cause of pancreatic calcification?

Answer 28

Chronic pancreatitis

Question 29

What is the upper limit of normal regarding the width of the aorta?

Answer 29

3cm