Axilla Script Flashcards
The brachial plexus forms in the _________ and extends into the __________
Neck; axilla
Why are lymph nodes important in a discussion about axilla?
Because all the lymph nodes of the upper limb, except for a few lymph nodes located above the elbow, are clusetered in the axilla
The anterior fold of the axilla is called the ___________ and _____________ muscle makes up most of its muscular mass.
anterior axillary fold; Pectoralis major
The posterior fold of the axilla is called the _____________ and the ___________ and _________ muscles comprise most of its muscular mass.
Posterior axillary fold
Latissumus dorsi and teres major
Origin of the axillary artery
Subclavian artery
Pathway of the axillary artery
Travels distally from posterior border of the first rib to inferior border of the teres major muscle
Branches of the axillary artery
Superior thoracic
Thoracromial
Larteral thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral
Largest artery in the arm
Brachial artery
The subscapular artery anastomoses with what blood supply to form an extensive arterial netweork around the scapula.
Thyrocervical trunk
The lateral thoracic artery provides blood to which muscles?
Serratus anterior
Pectoralis major and minor
Subscapularis
The ____________artery is the chief source of blood supply to the tissues in the lateral half of the breast.
Lateral thoracic artery
Chief source of blood supply to the head of the humerus
The anterior circumflex humeral artery
What is the course of the axillary nerve? What is it’s origin?
Superiory, from inferior border of teres major to external border of the first rib
Brachial veins
The axillary vein begins at th union of the __________ with the brachial veins.
Basilic vein
The __________ vein is the major superficial vein on the medial side of the arm.
Basilic
The __________ vein is the major superficial vein on the lateral side of the arm.
Cephalic
How do roots of spinal nerve differ from rami of a spinal nerve?
whereas the roots of a spinal nerve lie within the spine, the rami of a spinal nerve lie outside the spine. Because the roots of the brachial plexus lie outside the spine, they represent the anterior rami of C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.
Which nerves come from the roots of the brachial plexus?
Dorsal scapular nerve and the long thoracic nerve
The dorsal scapular nerve transmits nerve fibers from _________ only and innervates three shoulder muscles: _______, ___________, and _____________.
C5
Levator scapulae
Rhombiod Major
Rhomboid minor
Which muscle is the chief protractor of the shoulder?
Serratus anterior
Which nerve fibers does the long thoracic nerve transmit? What muscle does it innervate?
c5, c6, and c7
Serratus anterior
Which two nerves arise from trunks? Which trunk?
Suprascapular nerve and nerve to the subclavis
Upper Trunk
The suprascapular nerve transmits nerve fibers from ________ and ________ only and innervates two of the rotator cuff muscles: _____________ and _____________.
C5; C6
supraspinatus; infraspinatus
Do nerves arise from the divisions?
No
Cords of the brachial plexus are named in relationship to what structure?
The axillary artery
The axillary nerve transmits nerve fibers from _______ and _____ only and innervates muscles: _______ and ____________.
C5; C6; teres minor; deltoid
Which muscle(s) does the radial nerve innervate?
Triceps branchii and all muscles in the posterior part of the forearm
The_____________ nerve alone innervates teres major
Lower subscapular nerve
Which nerves originate from the posterior cord?
Radial nerve
Axillary nerve
Upper subscapular
Lower subscapular
Thoracodorsal
Which nerves innervate the subscapularis?
Upper and lower subscapularis nerves
The upper and lower subscapularis nerves each transmit nerve fibers from _____ and ______ only.
C5; C6
The thoracodorsal nerve is also known as ___________ and innervates the _________ muscle.
Middle subscapular nerve; latissimus dorsi
From which divisions is the lateral cord formed?
The lateral cord is formed from the anterior divisions of the upper and middle trunks of the brachial plexus
Which nerves originate from the lateral cord?
Musculocutaneous
Lateral branch of the medial nerve
Lateral pectoral nerve
The musculocutaneous nerve transmirs nerve fibers chiefly from _______ and _________ and innervates ___________
C5; C6; all the muscles in the anterior part of the arm
The pectoralis major is innervated by __________. What about the pectoralis minor muscle?
Lateral pectoral and medial pectoral nerves
Only medial pectoral nerve
Which divisions form the medial cord?
Just the anterior division of the lower trunk
The medial cord transmits nerve fibers from ______ and _______ only.
C8; T1
Which nerves originate from the medial cord?
Medial branch of the median nerve
Medial pectoral nerve
Ulnar nerve
Medial brachial cutaneous
Medial cutaneous
Role of the medial cutaneous nerves of the arm and forearm
Provide sensory innervation to the skin on the medial sides of the arm and forearm
What are the 6 distinct groups of axillary lymph nodes?
Anterior
Posterior
Lateral
Central
Infraclavicular
Apical groups
Characteristics of the anterior group of axillary lymph nodes
Lying along the lower border of the pectoralis minor behind the pectoralis major, these nodes receive lymph vessels from the lateral quadrants of the breast and superficial vessels from the anterolateral abdominal wall above the level of the umbilicus.
Characteristics of the posterior group of axillary lymph nodes
Lying in front of the subscapularis muscle, these nodes receive superficial lymph vessels from the back, down as far as the level of the iliac crests.
Characteristics of the lateral group of axillary lymph nodes
Lying along the medial side of the axillary vein, these nodes receive most of the lymph vessels of the upper limb (except those superficial vessels draining the lateral side)
Characteristics of the central group of axillary lymph nodes
Lying in the center of the axilla in the axillary fat, these nodes receive lymph from the Anterior, posterior and lateral groups
Characteristics of the infraclavicular group of axillary lymph nodes
These nodes are not strictly axillary nodes because they are located outside the axilla. They lie in the groove between the deltoid and pectoralis major muscles and receive superficial lymph vessels from the lateral side of the hand, forearm, and arm.
Characteristics of the apical group of axillary lymph nodes
Lying at the apex of the axilla at the lateral border of the 1st rib, these nodes receive the efferent lymph vessels from all the other axillary nodes.
The anterior group of axillary lymph nodes can be palpated against the posterior surface of the ___________. These nodes drain superficial tissues of the anterolateral region of the trunk of the body, down to the level of the __________. This drainage includes the ______________ gland tissues in the lateral half of the breast.
anterior axillary fold; umbilicus; mammary
If a malignancy arises in the lateral half of the breast and malignant cells spread via lymphatic vessels to axillary lymph nodes, the _____________group is most likely the first group of axillary lymph nodes to receive the malignant cells.. Which group is likely the second group?
anterior; central
The posterior group of axillary lymph nodes can be palpated against the anterior surface of the_____________. These nodes drain superficial tissues of the posterior region of the trunk of the body, down to the level of the _________
posterior axillary fold; iliac crest.
The lateral group of axillary lymph nodes can be palpated against the upper part of the ___________. These nodes drain deep tissues of the hand, forearm, and arm and superficial tissues on the __________side of the upper limb.
shaft of the humerus; medial
The infraclavicular group of axillary lymph nodes can be palpated in the ___________
deltopectoral triangle.
Which axillary lymph node group drains lympathic vessels on the lateral side of the upper limb?
Infraclavicular group
Which group of the axillary lymph nodes cannot be palpated?
The apical group
Each lobe of the mammary gland is drained by a ___________
lactiferous duct.
Cooper’s ligaments
bands of tough, fibrous, flexible connective tissue that shape and support your breasts.
Sentinel lymphadenectomy
used to assess whether tumor cells have spread via lymphatic vessels to axillary lymph nodes.
is based upon the presumption that the lymph drained from every microscopic region within the breast is first filtered almost exclusively by just one lymph node.
