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Upper Limb > Axilla > Flashcards

Axilla Flashcards

1
Q

What passes through the axilla?

A

All major structures passing into and out of the upper limb

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2
Q

What are the 3 margins of the axillary inlet?

A

Medial margin: lateral border of rib I
Anterior margin: Posterior surface of the clavicle
Posterior margin: Superior border of the scapula up to the coracoid process

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3
Q

How do major vessels and nerves pass between the neck and axilla?

A

By crossing over the lateral border of rib I and through the axillary inlet

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4
Q

What is the anterior wall of the axillary inlet formed from?

A

The lateral part of the pectoralis major muscle
The underlying pectoralis minor and subclavius muscles
The clavipectoral fascia

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5
Q

How many heads does the pectoralis major muscle have?

A

2

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6
Q

Where are the origins of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Clavicular head; anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle
Sternocostal head; anterior surface of sternum (cc 1-7, sternal end of 6th rib, apeneurosis of external oblique

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7
Q

Where is the insertion of the pectoralis major

A

Lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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8
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis major?

A

Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of arm at glenohumeral joint
Clavicular head - flexion of extended arm
Sternocostal head - extension of flexed arm

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9
Q

What is the subclavius muscle?

A

A small muscle that lies deep to the pectoralis major muscle and passes between the clavicle and rib I

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10
Q

Where is the origin of the subclavius?

A

First rib at junction between rib and costal cartilage

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11
Q

Where is the insertion of the subclavius?

A

Groove on inferior surface of middle 1/3 of clavicle

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12
Q

What is the function of the subclavius?

A

Pulls tip of shoulder down

Pulls clavicle medially to stabilise sternoclavicular joint

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13
Q

What is the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

A small triangular-shaped muscle that lies deep to the pectoralis major muscle and passes from the thoracic wall to the coracoid process

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14
Q

Where is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

A

Anterior surfaces and superior borders of ribs III to V; and from deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

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15
Q

Where is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

A

Coracoid process of scapula

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16
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis minor?

A

Pulls tip of shoulder down; protracts scapula

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17
Q

What is the clavipectoral fascia?

A

A thick sheet of connective tissue that connects the clavicle to the floor of the axilla

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18
Q

What does the medial wall of the axilla consist of?

A

Upper thoracic wall

Serratus anterior muscle

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19
Q

Where is the origin of the serratus anterior?

A

Lateral surfaces of upper 8-9 ribs and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

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20
Q

Where is the insertion of the serratus anterior?

A

Costal suface of medial border of scapula

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21
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior?

A

Protraction and rotation of the scapula

Keeps medial border and inferior angle of scapula opposed to thoracic wall

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22
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the axilla?

A

Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

23
Q

What forms the largest component of the posterior wall of the axilla?

A

Subscapularis muscle

24
Q

Where is the origin of the subscapularis?

A

Subscapular fossa

25
Q

Where is the insertion of the subscapularis?

A

Lesser tubercule of the humerus

26
Q

Where is the origin of the biceps brachii?

A

Long head - supraglenoid tubercule of scapula

Short head - apex of coracoid process

27
Q

Where is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

A

Tuberosity of radius

28
Q

What is the function of the biceps brachii?

A

Powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint and supinator of the forearm
Accesory flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

29
Q

Where is the origin of the coracobrachialis?

A

Apex of coracoid process

30
Q

Where is the insertion of the coracobrachialis?

A

Linear roughening on the midshaft of humerus on medial side

31
Q

What is the function of the coracobrachialis?

A

Flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint

Adducts arm

32
Q

What does the axillary artery supply?

A

Walls of the axilla & related regions

Continues as the major blood supply to the more distal parts of the upper limb

33
Q

When does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

At the lateral margin of rib I

34
Q

When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

At the inferior margin of the teres major muscle

35
Q

What are the 3 parts of the axillary artery?

A

1st part - proximal to the pectoralis minor
2nd part - posterior to the pectoralis minor
3rd part - distal to the pectoralis minor

36
Q

List the 6 branches that arise fro the axillary artery

A 
Superior thoracic artery
Thoraco-acromial artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Subscapular artery
Anterior circumflex humeral artery
Posterior circumflex humeral artery
37
Q

Which branch arises from the 1st part of the axillary artery?

A

Superior thoracic

38
Q

Which branches arise from the 2nd art of the axillary artery?

A

Thoraco-acromial

Lateral thoracic

39
Q

Which branches arise from the 3rd part of the axillary artery?

A

Subscapular
Anterior circumflex humeral
Posterior circumflex humeral

40
Q

Where does the axillary vein begin?

A

Lower margin of the teres minor

41
Q

The axillary vein is a continuation of the…

A

Basilic vein

42
Q

Where is the axillary vein in relation to the axillary artery?

A

Anterior and medial

43
Q

When does the axillary vein become the subclavian vein?

A

When it crosses the lateral border of rib I at the axillary inlet

44
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

A somatic plexus formed by the anterior rami of C5-C8 and most of the anterior ramus of T1

45
Q

Where does the brachial plexus originate from?

A

The neck

46
Q

List the parts of the brachial plexus (from medial to lateral)

A

Roots, trunks, divisions, cords

47
Q

List the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus

A 
Superior trunk (union of C5 & C6 roots)
Middle trunk (cont. of C7 root)
Inferior trunk (union of C8 & T1 roots)
48
Q

Where does inferior trunk lie?

A

On rib I posterior to the subclavian artery

49
Q

What are the 2 divisions of each trunk?

A

Anterior, posterior

50
Q

List the 3 cords of each division

A

Lateral, medial, posterior

51
Q

Where do the lymph nodes in the axilla receive drainage from?

A

Upper limb
Adjacent trunk (regions of upper back and shoulder, lower neck, chest, upper anterolateral adbominal wall)
75% of mammary gland

52
Q

How many axillary nodes are there?

A

20-30

53
Q

List the 5 groups of axillary nodes

A 
Humeral (lateral)
Pectoral (anterior)
Subscapular (posterior)
Central
Apical

Upper Limb (4 decks)

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