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Axilla Flashcards

1
Q

What passes through the axilla?

A

All major structures passing into and out of the upper limb

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2
Q

What are the 3 margins of the axillary inlet?

A

Medial margin: lateral border of rib I
Anterior margin: Posterior surface of the clavicle
Posterior margin: Superior border of the scapula up to the coracoid process

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3
Q

How do major vessels and nerves pass between the neck and axilla?

A

By crossing over the lateral border of rib I and through the axillary inlet

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4
Q

What is the anterior wall of the axillary inlet formed from?

A

The lateral part of the pectoralis major muscle
The underlying pectoralis minor and subclavius muscles
The clavipectoral fascia

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5
Q

How many heads does the pectoralis major muscle have?

A

2

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6
Q

Where are the origins of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Clavicular head; anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle
Sternocostal head; anterior surface of sternum (cc 1-7, sternal end of 6th rib, apeneurosis of external oblique

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7
Q

Where is the insertion of the pectoralis major

A

Lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of humerus

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8
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis major?

A

Flexion, adduction, and medial rotation of arm at glenohumeral joint
Clavicular head - flexion of extended arm
Sternocostal head - extension of flexed arm

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9
Q

What is the subclavius muscle?

A

A small muscle that lies deep to the pectoralis major muscle and passes between the clavicle and rib I

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10
Q

Where is the origin of the subclavius?

A

First rib at junction between rib and costal cartilage

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11
Q

Where is the insertion of the subclavius?

A

Groove on inferior surface of middle 1/3 of clavicle

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12
Q

What is the function of the subclavius?

A

Pulls tip of shoulder down

Pulls clavicle medially to stabilise sternoclavicular joint

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13
Q

What is the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

A small triangular-shaped muscle that lies deep to the pectoralis major muscle and passes from the thoracic wall to the coracoid process

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14
Q

Where is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

A

Anterior surfaces and superior borders of ribs III to V; and from deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

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15
Q

Where is the insertion of the pectoralis minor?

A

Coracoid process of scapula

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16
Q

What is the function of the pectoralis minor?

A

Pulls tip of shoulder down; protracts scapula

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17
Q

What is the clavipectoral fascia?

A

A thick sheet of connective tissue that connects the clavicle to the floor of the axilla

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18
Q

What does the medial wall of the axilla consist of?

A

Upper thoracic wall

Serratus anterior muscle

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19
Q

Where is the origin of the serratus anterior?

A

Lateral surfaces of upper 8-9 ribs and deep fascia overlying the related intercostal spaces

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20
Q

Where is the insertion of the serratus anterior?

A

Costal suface of medial border of scapula

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21
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior?

A

Protraction and rotation of the scapula

Keeps medial border and inferior angle of scapula opposed to thoracic wall

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22
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the axilla?

A

Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus

23
Q

What forms the largest component of the posterior wall of the axilla?

A

Subscapularis muscle

24
Q

Where is the origin of the subscapularis?

A

Subscapular fossa

25
Where is the insertion of the subscapularis?
Lesser tubercule of the humerus
26
Where is the origin of the biceps brachii?
Long head - supraglenoid tubercule of scapula | Short head - apex of coracoid process
27
Where is the insertion of the biceps brachii?
Tuberosity of radius
28
What is the function of the biceps brachii?
Powerful flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint and supinator of the forearm Accesory flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
29
Where is the origin of the coracobrachialis?
Apex of coracoid process
30
Where is the insertion of the coracobrachialis?
Linear roughening on the midshaft of humerus on medial side
31
What is the function of the coracobrachialis?
Flexor of the arm at the glenohumeral joint | Adducts arm
32
What does the axillary artery supply?
Walls of the axilla & related regions | Continues as the major blood supply to the more distal parts of the upper limb
33
When does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
At the lateral margin of rib I
34
When does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?
At the inferior margin of the teres major muscle
35
What are the 3 parts of the axillary artery?
1st part - proximal to the pectoralis minor 2nd part - posterior to the pectoralis minor 3rd part - distal to the pectoralis minor
36
List the 6 branches that arise fro the axillary artery
``` Superior thoracic artery Thoraco-acromial artery Lateral thoracic artery Subscapular artery Anterior circumflex humeral artery Posterior circumflex humeral artery ```
37
Which branch arises from the 1st part of the axillary artery?
Superior thoracic
38
Which branches arise from the 2nd art of the axillary artery?
Thoraco-acromial | Lateral thoracic
39
Which branches arise from the 3rd part of the axillary artery?
Subscapular Anterior circumflex humeral Posterior circumflex humeral
40
Where does the axillary vein begin?
Lower margin of the teres minor
41
The axillary vein is a continuation of the...
Basilic vein
42
Where is the axillary vein in relation to the axillary artery?
Anterior and medial
43
When does the axillary vein become the subclavian vein?
When it crosses the lateral border of rib I at the axillary inlet
44
What is the brachial plexus?
A somatic plexus formed by the anterior rami of C5-C8 and most of the anterior ramus of T1
45
Where does the brachial plexus originate from?
The neck
46
List the parts of the brachial plexus (from medial to lateral)
Roots, trunks, divisions, cords
47
List the 3 trunks of the brachial plexus
``` Superior trunk (union of C5 & C6 roots) Middle trunk (cont. of C7 root) Inferior trunk (union of C8 & T1 roots) ```
48
Where does inferior trunk lie?
On rib I posterior to the subclavian artery
49
What are the 2 divisions of each trunk?
Anterior, posterior
50
List the 3 cords of each division
Lateral, medial, posterior
51
Where do the lymph nodes in the axilla receive drainage from?
Upper limb Adjacent trunk (regions of upper back and shoulder, lower neck, chest, upper anterolateral adbominal wall) 75% of mammary gland
52
How many axillary nodes are there?
20-30
53
List the 5 groups of axillary nodes
``` Humeral (lateral) Pectoral (anterior) Subscapular (posterior) Central Apical ```

Upper Limb (4 decks)

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