Axial System Flashcards
What bone structure compose the axial skeleton?
Skull
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
What is the axial skeleton made of?
Bones along central body axis
What is the function of the axial skeleton?
Creates framework that supports and protects organs.
How many bones does the skull have?
22
What are the eight cranial bones?
Frontal bone
Parietal bones (2)
Occipital bone
Temporal bones (2)
Sphenoid bone
Ethmoid bone
What are the 14 facial bones?
Mandible Maxillary bones (2) Zygomatic bones (2) Nasal bones (2) Lacrimal bones (2) Palatine bones (2) Vomer Inferior nasal conchae (2)
3 Frontal bone key features?
Supra orbital margins
Anterior cranial fossa
Frontal sinuses
3 Parietal bones key features?
Lambdoid suture
Squamous suture
Coronal suture
4 Occipital bone key features?
Posterior cranial fossa
Foramen magnum
Occipital condyles
Hypoglossal canals
4 Temporal bones key regions?
Squamous
Tympanic
Mastoid
Petrous regions
5 Major markings of the temporal bone?
Zygomatic processes
Styloid
Mastoid
Mandibular fossae
Middle cranial fossae
3 Major openings of the temporal bone?
Jugular foramina
External auditory Meatus
Carotid canal
4 Sphenoid bone key features?
Central body
Greater wings
Lesser wings
Pterygoid processes
3 Major markings of the sphenoid bone?
Sella turcica
Hypophyseal fossa
Pterygoid processes
5 Major openings of the sphenoid bone?
Foramina rotundum
Ovale
Spinosum
Optic canals
Superior orbital fissure
5 Ethmoid bone major markings?
Cribriform plate
Crista galli
Perpendicular plate
Nasal conchae
Ethmoid sinuses
What bones articulate at the coronal suture?
Parietal bones, and frontal bone anteriorly
What bones articulate at the Lambdoid suture?
Parietal bones meet the occipital bone posteriorly
What bones articulate at the Sagittal suture?
Right and left parietal bones meet superiorly
What bones articulate at the squamous suture?
Parietal and temporal bones meet
What are the sutural (wormian) bones
Tiny irregular bones that appear within sutures
Why do some people have sutural (wormian) bones?
Additional ossification centers that appeared when the skull was expanding during fetal development
What 7 bones form the Orbit?
Frontal bone
Ethmoid
Lacrimal bone
Palatine bone
Maxilla bone
Zygomatic bone
Sphenoid
What are the 3 components of the nasal septum?
Ethmoid
Vomer
Anterior septal cartilage
What are the four bones containing the paranasal sinuses?
Frontal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Maxillary bones
What are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
Lighten the skull
Enhance resonance of voice
Describe the hyoid bone
Not a bone Of the skull
Does not articulate with another bone
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
Site of attachment for muscles of swallowing and speech
What are the names of the 3 auditory ossicles
Malleus
Incus
Stapes
Where are the auditory ossicles found?
In the tympanic cavity
What is the difference in male and female skulls in terms of general size and appearance?
Female features are more delicate and small
What is the difference in male and female skulls in terms of the mastoid process?
Larger in males
Smaller in females
What is the difference in male and female skulls in terms of the Mandible?
Male is larger and more square
What is the difference in male and female skulls in terms of the mental protuberance?
More pronounced in males
What are the two largest fontanelles found in the fetal skull
Anterior fontanel and mastoid fontanel
What is the age that the two largest fontanels close?
Age 5
What are the functions of the vertebral column?
Vertical support for the body
Supports the weight of head
Houses and protects the spinal cord
What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacrum
Coccyx
What is the thing that helps remember number of vertebrae in first 3 regions?
Breakfast at 7
Lunch at 12
Dinner at 5
How many vertebrae in cervical region?
7
How many vertebrae in thoracic region?
12
How many vertebrae in lumbar region?
5
How many vertebrae in sacrum region?
5 that fuse into 1
How many vertebrae in coccyx region?
4
What are the 4 spinal curvatures
Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar
Sacral
What are the two primary curvatures?
Thoracic
Sacral
What are the two secondary curvatures
Cervical
Lumbar
When do the secondary curvatures appear?
After birth
What is the general function of the secondary curvatures?
Help shift trunk weight over legs
What are the 7 components of a typical vertebrae?
Body
Vertebral arch
Vertebral Foramen
Spinous process
Transverse processes
Superior Articular process
Inferior Articular process
What is the vertebral arch composed of?
2 pedicles and 2 laminae
What are 5 characteristics of cervical vertebrae
Relative size Body shape The presence of costal facets for ribs The presence of transverse foramina The shape of the spinous process
Smallest
Kidney bean shape
Costal facets for ribs not present
Has transverse foramina
Shape of the spinous process is slender, C2-C6 bifid
What are 5 characteristics of thoracic vertebrae?
Relative size Body shape The presence of costal facets for ribs The presence of transverse foramina The shape of the spinous process
Medium size
Heart shape body
Has coastal facets for ribs
No transverse foramina
Spinous process is long, project inferior
What are 5 characteristics of lumbar vertebrae
Relative size Body shape The presence of costal facets for ribs The presence of transverse foramina The shape of the spinous process
Largest
Oval or round
No costal facets for ribs
No transverse foramina
Spinous process are short, thick, and blunt. Project posteriorly
If a vertebrae has transverse foramina and a bifid spinous process it is?
Cervical or thoracic or lumbar
Cervical
How does the atlas differ from other vertebrae
No body or spinous process
Ring shaped
How does the axis differ from other vertebrae
Has dens and and spinous process starting to be bifid
What are the three main components of the sternum?
Manubrium
Sternum body
Xiphoid process
Manubrium
Widest and most superior portion of sternum
Sternum body
Longest part of the sternum
Xiphoid process
Bottom tip of sternum
What is the sternal angle?
Where Manubrium and sternum body meet
The coastal cartilage attachment for rib two
What is the clinical significance of the sternal angle
Important site for palpitation and counting ribs
What are two features on all ribs
Originate on thoracic vertebrae
End in anterior wall of thorax
Which ribs are true ribs?
Rib 1-7
True ribs coastal cartilage attaches to ______ directly
Sternum
Which ribs are false ribs
Ribs 8-12
Ribs 8, 9, 10 a are called vertebrochondral ribs because their coastal cartilages attach to the _______ indirectly
Sternum
Ribs 11 and 12 are called floating ribs or vertebral ribs. Their cartilages are inserted in the ________ ______ instead of the sternum
Transverse costal facets
Where specifically do the head and tubercle of each rib Articulate
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