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Acuity > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

What two parts can the skeleton be broken into?

A

Axial and appendicular

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2
Q

How many bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

80

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3
Q

What percent of the bones in the human body are in the axial skeleton?

A

40%

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4
Q

What do the axial components include?

A

Skull - 22 bones
Bones associated with skull - 6 auditory ossicles, 1 hyoid bone
Vertebral column - 26
Thoracic cage - 24 ribs, 1 sternum

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5
Q

What is the function of the axial skeleton?

A

Create a framework that supports and protects organs

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6
Q

What are the two parts of the skull?

A

Cranium - containing the brain and face

Mandible - lower jaw

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7
Q

How many bones are in the skull?

A

22 bones. 8 from the cranium and 14 form the face.

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8
Q

What bones does the skull consist of?

A 
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
Temporal
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
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9
Q

What are the superficial facial bones?

A 
Lacrimal
Nasal
Maxilla
Zygomatic
Mandible
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10
Q

How many bones make up the vertebrae?

A

24 movable bones or vertebrae, the sacrum and coccyx.

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11
Q

What separates the vertebrae?

A

Cartilaginous discs

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12
Q

What 5 parts describe the vertebral column?

A 
7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
1 sacrum 5 fused bones
1 coccyx 4 fused bones
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13
Q

What does the spine transfer the weight to?

A

Appendicular skeleton

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14
Q

What regions of the spine have a lordosis curve?

A

Cervical and lumbar

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15
Q

What regions of the spine have a kyphosis curve?

A

Thoracic and sacrum

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16
Q

What is the side view of the spine?

A

Sagittal view

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17
Q

Acceptable thoracic kyphosis angle is

A

thoracic kyphosis angle 20° to 40°

lumbar lordosis angle 30° to 50°

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18
Q

Up

A

Cranial (cephalad) proximal

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19
Q

Down

A

Caudal distal

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20
Q

Front

A

Ventral anterior

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21
Q

Back

A

Dorsal posterior

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22
Q

What does the spine start as during foetal development?

A

Cartilaginous model which ossifies into bone

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23
Q

What is the anterior element of the vertebrae?

A

a body

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24
Q

What are the posterior elements of the vertebrae?

A

A vertebral or neural arch and articular processes

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25
Q

What is the function of the vertebral body?

A

To transfer load through the spinal column

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26
Q

What does the edge of the vertebral body contain?

A

Tiny holes through which blood vessels pass

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27
Q

What does the vertebral arch enclose?

A

The large vertebral foramen

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28
Q

What does the vertebral arch consist of?

A

Two pedicles and two laminae

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29
Q

What does each pedicle have on its inferior and superior borders?

A

A vertebral notch

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30
Q

What do the notches arranged together form?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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31
Q

What projects laterally from where the two pedicles and lamina unite?

A

Transverse processes

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32
Q

What do the two lamina that meet in the midline posteriorly form?

A

The spinous process

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33
Q

How many articular surfaces does the neural arch have?

A
  1. Two articulate with the vertebra above and two with the one below. They are often referred to as facet joints.
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34
Q

What do the articular processes do?

A

They interlock the vertebrae, preventing anterior displacement and restricts movement between the vertebrae

35
Q

How is a vertebral body somewhat like an egg?

A

It has a dense bony cortex surrounding a spongy medulla.

36
Q

What is the vertebral plateaux?

A

The flat surfaces of the superior and inferior aspects of the vertebral body

37
Q

The periphery is raised to form a distinct rim called the?

A

Epiphyseal plate that becomes fused at 14-15 years old.

38
Q

What causes Scheuerman’s disease?

A

Abmormal ossification of the epiphyseal ring

39
Q

What are the criss-crossing lines of the vertebral body called?

A

Trabeculae and they add strength

40
Q

How many kg is required to crush a vertebral body?

A

800kg

41
Q

What separates the vertebral bodies in the anterior column?

A

Intervertebral discs

42
Q

What is the joint between the vertebral bodies?

A

Symphysis and it’s formed by two vertebral plateaux connected by a disc

43
Q

What are the two parts of the intervertebral disc?

A

The nucleus pulposus and the annulus fibrosus

44
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

A gelatinous substance containing 88% water that is strongly hydrophilic

45
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus made up of chemically?

A

Mucopolysaccharide matrix containing protein bound chondroitin sulphate, hyaluronic acid and keratin sulphate

46
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus comprised of?

A

Collagen fibres, cells resembling chondrocytes, connective tissue cells and very few clusters of mature cartilage.

47
Q

Do blood vessels or nerves penetrate the nucleus?

A

NO

48
Q

Where does the nucleus rest?

A

On the centre of the vertebral plateau on an area covered by cartilage

49
Q

What happens when a significant force is applied to the column?

A

Water contained within the gelatinous matrix of the nucleus escapes into the vertebral body through these pores.

50
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus made up of?

A

Collagen fibres arranged in layers or lamellae whose construction can be likened to a cross-ply tyre.

51
Q

What are the thicker outer layers of the lamellae anchored to the vertebral end plates by?

A

1mm thick layer of hyaline cartilage.

52
Q

What does the strong woven structure of the annulus prevent?

A

A prolapse of the nucleus.

53
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

An elongated, almost cylindrical part of the central nervous system.

54
Q

Where is the spinal cord suspended?

A

In the vertebral canal surrounded by 3 membranes called the meninges and cerebral spinal fluid CSF. From above, it is continuous with the medulla oblongata and runs from the upper border of the atlas to the lower border of the first lumbar vertebra

55
Q

What does the spinal cord change into at the first lumber vertebrae?

A

The cauda equina.

56
Q

What is the point called where the spinal cord finishes?

A

The filum terminale

57
Q

How long is the spinal cord?

A

45cm long in an adult male and the thickness of the little finger

58
Q

Where are the two enlarged areas of the spinal cord where the largest nerve roots exit?

A

C3-T2 and T9-T12

59
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

The nervous tissue link between the brain and the rest of the body

60
Q

What two equal parts is the spinal cord divided into?

A

The anterior and posterior sections

61
Q

What are the two parts divided by?

A

A shallow median fissure anteriorly adn by the posterior median sulcus posteriorly.

62
Q

What are the three protective layers called that surround the spinal cord?

A

The meninges.

63
Q

What is the outer layer of the meninges called?

A

Dura matter

64
Q

What is the periosteum of the vertebrae called?

A

The epidural space

65
Q

What is between the arachnoid and the pia mater?

A

The subarachnoid space which contains CSF.

66
Q

What is CSF?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid formed in the choroid plexus of the brain.

67
Q

Where does the fluid pass?

A

Through the fourth ventrical in the brain into the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.

68
Q

What is the function of the CSF

A

Provides a cushion that helps protect the spinal cord and is involved in the exchange of nutrients and waste between the blood and the neurons of the spinal cord.

69
Q

The layers of the spinal cord moving inward are…

A 
Dura matter to
Arachnoid to
Pia mater to 
White matter to
Gray matter
70
Q

About how many ml of CSF is in the subarachnoid space?

A

75ml

71
Q

What happens at each segment of the spinal cord?

A

A pair of nerves branch and exit the H shaped grey matter.

72
Q

What does each nerve root have?

A

A ventral root and a dorsal root which meet shortly after leaving the spinal cord to form one nerve which is a mixture of motor and sensory fibres.

73
Q

How many spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal via the intervertebral foramen?

A

31

74
Q

How many nerves leave each section of the spine?

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
75
Q

What do the ventral and dorsal nerve roots combine together to form?

A

The nerve proper

76
Q

The nerve divides again into several branches called what?

A

Rami

77
Q

What are plexuses?

A

The arrangement of ventral rami in to complex arrangements

78
Q

What are the different plexuses?

A 
Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus
Coccygeal plexus
79
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

Conus medullaris

80
Q

How are reflexes used?

A

To judge the integrity of the sensory/motor nerve loop.

81
Q

How does a clinician stimulate sensory nerves?

A

By striking an area of the body where the nerve is close to the surface. The impulse generated travels up the nerve as a sensory impulse through the spinal cord and back down the nerve as a motor impulse. Absence or change in reaction to the stimulus can be used to diagnose nerve disfunction.

82
Q

What is the dorsal root of each spinal nerve connected to?

A

A specific region or segment of the body and supplies the sensory innervation to a segment of the skin known as a dermatome.

83
Q

How many dermatomes are they?

A
  1. One for each spinal nerve except C1 which does not innervate the skin.

Acuity (18 decks)

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