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Biology > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the axial skeleton made up of

A
  1. the skull
  2. vertebral column (spine or spinal column)
  3. bony thorax (rib cage and sternum)
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2
Q

what type of bones makes up the skull

A

flat bones

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3
Q

what two bones forms the skull

A
  1. cranial bones (form the cranium)

2. facial bones (form the face)

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4
Q

can the skull bones move

A

no they are immovable apart from the mandible (the lower jaw)

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5
Q

LABEL THE HUMAN SKULL

A

page 47

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6
Q

how is the cranium made up

A
  • it is made up of 8 flat bones
  • the bones have immovable fibrous joints connecting them called sutures
  • self bracing (which allows the bones to be thin and strong so they can protect the brain)
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7
Q

explain the difference in babies craniums

A

at birth membrane filled spaces called fontanelles exist between the bones of the cranium
these fontanelles allow the:
1. baby’s head to be slightly compressed during childbirth
2. size of the brain to grow rapidly during infancy

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8
Q

what are the functions of the cranium

A
  1. protects the fragile brain
  2. protects the sense organs of smell, sight and hearing
  3. provides attachment for the muscles of the head
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9
Q

what connects the skull and spine

A

At the base of the skull is a large opening, the foramen magnum, through which the medulla oblongata (lowest part of the brain) connects with the spinal cord

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10
Q

what is on either side of the foramen magnum

A

two bumps called occipital condyles

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11
Q

what do the occipital condyles do

A

they articulate with the first vertebra (the atlas of the vertebral column) in such a way that nodding is possible

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12
Q

how many bones make up the facial bones

A

14 bones

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13
Q

what are the functions of the facial bones

A
  1. form the structure of the face
  2. protect the sense organs of smell, sight and taste
  3. provide openings for the passage of food and air
  4. provide attachment for the facial muscles which give rise to various expressions
  5. secure the teeth
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14
Q

what is the role of the teeth snd jaws

A

the masticate and chew food

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15
Q

what is the teeth formula

A

2123

incisors
canines
pre molars
molars

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16
Q

describe the vertebral column

A

a strong flexible chain of 33 small bones, the vertebrae, that runs down the middle of the body from the skull to the coccyx

17
Q

how the vertebrae held in place

A

by ligaments, which allow some movement but prevent dislocation

18
Q

what does the vertebral column protect

A

the spinal cord, which is made up of nervous tissue

19
Q

what does the spinal cord connect to

A

the brain and the rest of the body

20
Q

LABEL A TYPICAL VERTEBRA

A

PAGE 50

21
Q

what is found between vertebrae and why

A

intervertebral discs which have a jelly like centre covered by fibrous cartilage, they act as shock absorbers when we walk, jump or run and they allow the spine to flex and extend as well as to bend sideways

22
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. support the head
  2. enclose and protect the spinal cord
  3. serve as a point of attachment for the ribs
  4. allows spinal nerves to pass through openings between the vertebrae
  5. serves as a point of attachment for the muscles
  6. S-shape absorbs jolts and aids in balance
23
Q

why is the S-shape of the backbone important

A
  • strengthens the backbone
  • balance the body
  • absorb jolts during movement
24
Q

name and explain the different types of vertebrae

A
  1. cervical vertebrae (7)
    - Atlas
    - Axis
  2. thoracic (12)
  3. Lumbar (5)
  4. sacral (5)
  5. coccygeal (5)
25
Q

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN VERTEBRAE

A

PAGE 52

26
Q

what is slipped disc

A

it is when the backbone is out under a lot of pressure, resulting in the outer cartilage of the disc rupturing and the soft inner centre is forced through the surrounding cartilage

this bulge is called a slipped disc

if the bulge presses on the spinal cord or on a spinal nerve it can be very painful and numbness in the limbs may occur

27
Q

what causes paralysis

A

when vertebrae are crushed or dislocated this can damage the spinal cord and cause it to break

this in turn will damage nerves leading to muscles and other organs of the body which results in paralysis (if muscles are not stimulated by nerve impulses, they cannot function)

28
Q

if the cervical region is damaged what happens and if the lumbar region is damaged what happens

A

cervical - quadriplegic

lumbar - paraplegic

29
Q

what is the bony thorax

A

it is a framework formed by the:

  • sternum in the front (anteriorly)
  • the ribs and the rib cartilage on the sides (laterally)
  • the thoracic vertebrae at the back (posteriorly)
30
Q

how many ribs do we have and where do they go from to where

A

12 pairs of ribs

they are flat, curved bones which extend from the thoracic vertebrae at the back to the sternum in the front

31
Q

explain the different ribs

A
  • upper 7 pairs (true ribs) are attached to the sternum by flexible strips of cartilage
  • next 3 pairs (false ribs) are connected to the rib above the cartilage
  • lowest 2 pairs (floating ribs) are only attached to the vertebral column
32
Q

how does inhalation and exhalation occur

A

internal and external intercostal muscles occur between the ribs. on contraction of the external intercostal muscles, the ribcage moves upwards and outwards which results in inhalation

exhalation takes place when the muscles relax

33
Q

what do the internal intercostal muscles do

A

they contract to force air out of the lungs, eg. when coughing or sneezing

34
Q

LABEL THE BONY THORAX

A

PAGE 54

35
Q

what are the functions of the bony thorax

A
  1. protects the vital organs of the thoracic cavity (lungs, heart, major blood vessels)
  2. supports the shoulder girdles and upper limbs
  3. provides attachment points for the muscles of the back, chest and shoulders
  4. aids in breathing

Biology (11 decks)

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