Axial/Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards
What makes up the axial skeleton?
Bones of the limbs
What makes up the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the head, neck, trunk
List the 12 bones of the skull
- Parietal bone
- Frontal bone
- Temporal bone
- Zygomatic arch
- Vomer bone
- Mandible
- Maxilla
- External auditory meatus
- Sphenoid bone
- Zygomatic bone
- Nasal bone
- Occipital bone
The foramen magnum in the skull is seen through which bone?
Occibital bone
What does a neonatal skull have that differs from an adult skull? Describe each part.
- Posterior fontanel - b/w occipital bone & parietal bone
- Future lambdoid suture -
- Posterolateral fontanel
- Anterolateral fontanel
- Anterior fontanel
- Future coronal suture
- Future squamous suture
What is a skull suture?
What is a skull fontanel?
- a skull suture is a fibrous joint connecting the cranial bones
- a skull fontanel is a soft membrane spot between cranial bones
The mandible is in which skeleton and has what parts?
-axial skeleton
-body
-ramus
What makes up the body of the mandible?
-horse shoe shaped
-mandibular teeth
-mental foramen
What makes up the ramus of the mandible?
-coronoid process (pointy)
-condylar processes (edges)
-mandibular foramen
What are the vertebrae bones joined by?
intervertebral discs, reinforced by ligaments, for stable and flexible support
What are the vertebrae bones?
7, 12, 5, 5, 4
-7 cervical (neck)
-12 thoracic (trunk)
-5 lumbar (lower back(
-5 fused sacral (pelvic girdle)
-4 fused coccygeal (near anus)
What are the typical features of a vertebra bone?
- body
- vertebral canal (with the foramen)
- spinous process
- 2 transverse processes
- 2 lamina
- 2 pedicles
- 2 superior articular facets
- 2 inferior articular facets
*think of as a mirror image
What is the difference between atypical and typical vertebra?
Each spinal region has certain features with atypical and typical.
Each atypical region is unique.
Transitional vertebrae are atypical, functional differences.
What are the characteristics of a cervical vertebrae and which 3 are atypical?
-Atypical are C1, C2, C7
-2 transverse foramen
-short divided spinous process
-large vertebral foramen
-superior view looks like a happy fish
What are the characteristics of a thoracic vertebrae and which 4 are atypical?
-Atypical are T1, T10, T11, T12
-long, sloping spinous process
-small vertebral foramen
-costal facets
-superior view looks like a giraffe
What is a costal facet?
The connection point between a rib and a vertebra
What are the characteristics of a lumbar vertebrae and which 1 is atypical?
-Atypical is L5
-broad spinous process
-slightly larger vertebral foramen than thoracic
-large body
-looks like a moose, body is the “muzzle”
What are the characteristics of the sacrum anterior view?
- sacrum base (the top)
- sacral ala
- anterior sacral promontory
- anterior sacral foramen
- transverse line (under S2)
- sacrum apex (bottom)
What are the characterstics of the sacrum posterior view?
- superior articular facets
- sacral canal
- sacral hiatus (bottom)
- sacral tuberosity
- articular surface
- lateral/medial sacral crests
- posterior sacral foramen
- sacral cornu (bottom)
What is a tuberosity?
A protrusion for attachment of muscle
What are the characteristics of the coccyx vertebrae?
- coccygeal cornu above C1
- transverse processes
What way does the spine curve in scoliosis?
Left or right
What way does the spine curve in kyphosis?
Forward rounding of the upper back
“hunchback”
What way does the spine curve in lordosis?
Curves forward so lower back is deeper inward
What 3 things makes up the thoracic cage?
-sternum
-ribs
-thoracic vertebra
What are part of the anterior view of the sternum?
- suprasternal notch
- clavicular notch
- manubrium
- sternal angle
- body
- xiphoid process
Where does the xiphoid process connect?
T11
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
What kinds of bones make up the ribs?
-curved
-long
-flat
What is the purpose of the ribs?
To protect the thorax and abdomen
What are the true ribs and what do they do?
Rib pairs 1-7 that articulate with the sternum via costal cartilage
What are the false ribs and what do they do?
Rib pairs 8-10, their cartilage fuse then attach to the rib 7’s cartilage
What are the floating ribs and what do they do?
Rib pairs 11-12 that simply float
no cartilage
What makes up the shoulder girdle and upper limb?
- clavicle
- scapula
- humerus
- radius (thumb side)
- ulna (pinky side)
- carpals
- metacarpals
- phalanges
listed superior to inferior
What makes up the pelvic girdle and lower limb?
- hip bone
- sacrum
- femur
- patella
- fibula (pinky side)
- tibia (big toe side)
- tarsals
- metatarsals
- phalanges
listed superior to inferior
The conoid tubercle is near what end of the clavicle?
The acromial end on the inferior view of the clavicle
The impression for the costoclavicular ligament is near what end of the clavicle?
The sternal end on the inferior view of the clavicle
Where are the lesser tubercle and greater tubercle on the humerus?
The lesser tubercle is more central and medial in anatomical position. The greater tubercle is more lateral. Both near the anatomical neck (top)
What is the intertubercular sulcus on the humerus?
The groove/indentation between the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle
What is the deltoid tuberosity?
The tuberosity on the humerus somewhat in the middle of the bone, near the body
What is a fossa on a bone?
A hollow area or depression
What are the radial fossa and coronoid fossa?
The 2 fossa (depressions) on the bottom of the humerus that are near the knee. Radial is lateral and coronoid is medial
What are the lateral epicondyle and the medial epicondyle?
A protruding part of the bone. Both are on the humerus (bottom part)
What is the capitulum?
The lateral part of the humerus that connects with the radius
-part of elbow joint
What is the trochlea?
The medial part of the humerus that connects with the ulna
-part of elbow joint
What is the coronoid process?
A small projection from the top of the ulna that is part of the elbow joint
What is the coronoid process of the ulna next to?
The head of the radius
What is between the radius and the ulna?
The interosseous membrane
-thick, fibrous, connective tissue
-forms syndesmosis joint
Where is the radial tuberosity?
Under the head of the radius
What is the olecranon?
The bony prominence of the upper ulna
What are the 2 notches on the proximal ulna?
-trochlear notch
-radial notch
Where is the ulnar tuberosity?
under the radial notch
Where is the ulnar notch of radius?
Distal part of the ulna, seen better with inferior view, attaches radius
What is a “notch” on a bone?
An indentation
Where is the articulation for scaphoid?
Best seen on the inferior view looking into the radius, is on the bottom lateral side of the radius
Where is the styloid process? (2)
The most lateral side of the radius and medial side of the ulna, best seen with the inferior view looking in, is a rounded/slightly pointy edge
Where is the articulation for the lunate?
Seen best on the inferior view of the radius, is on the medial side of the radius
Where is the head of the ulna?
Seen best on the inferior view, at the distal part of the ulna near the hand. Attaches the ulnar notch of radius
What makes up the carpals of the hand?
Short bones, the wrist
What makes up the metacarpals of the hand?
Long bones, the hand
What makes up the phalanges?
Long bones, fingers/digits
What are the 8 bones of the carpals?
8 (come up w pneumonic)
1. Trapezium
2. Pisiform
3. Lunate
4. Scaphoid
5. Trapezoid
6. Triquetrum
7. Capitate
8. Hamate
