AWWI

Question 1

Dodge

Answer 1

Iraqi government through botched colonialism, resulting in illiberal tribal system

Question 2

Thompson

Answer 2

Gender shocks following the famine

Question 3

Al Qattan

Answer 3

Famine accounts - Ghul al-majaa

Question 4

Robson

Answer 4

Separation, Transfer, Partition

Question 5

Jacobson

Answer 5

• Microhistorical accounts of Isan Tourjman. TOURJMAN WAS A SOLDIER; Khalil al-Sakanini

Question 6

Tanielman

Answer 6

• Beirut Municipality control of grain supplies during famine

Question 7

Reibman

Answer 7

• William Yale in Syria

Question 8

Renton

Answer 8

• Zionist Masquerade

- Propaganda Mission

Question 9

Schneer

Answer 9

Balfour declaration and the negotiations with Hussein.

Balfour was supposed to be tactical move, did not want to have to form a Judea. Also details rise of Jews prewar.

Question 10

Shorrock

Answer 10

1974
French assumed more latent appeal and historical capital than actually wielded - which it related to a long trajectory of historical involvement in the region from the 12th century onwards. Lebanese more welcoming of the French than the Syrians.

Question 11

Watenpaugh

Answer 11

Made the case for secular, permanent humanitarianism through the League of Nations humanitarian intervention to support the refugee - such as Assyrians and Armenians - through the likes of the Rescue Movement. Not met with support everywhere - Hamid Edip Adivar.

Question 12

Arsan

Answer 12

Stage theory deployed by Faisal delegation in Versailles which attempted to build own case for self determination using the language of Wilsonianism dominant elsewhere. Generally ignored. See also Manela.

Question 13

Blumi

Answer 13

Racist taxonomies

Question 14

Zürcher

Answer 14

Let down by lack of manpower, money and industrial base.
Despite this, reasons for increased strength:
• National Economy
⁃ 1914 - termination of all capitulations
⁃ Built a national bourgeoisie by forming entrepreneurial cadres from among Muslim trader, guild members and bureaucrats -> encouraged to ruthlessly profiteer.
⁃ 1915 onwards - 80 new join-stock companies founded.

Question 15

Hall

Answer 15

Balkan war authority, alongside Chris Clark.

Question 16

Schatkowski-Schilcher

Answer 16

Famine of 1915-17. Kills over 200,000.
Points out one primary and several secondary contributory factors to the famine; the entente blockade as primary, and the role of AR16, supply lines, crop failure, hoarding, speculation and German negligence.

Question 17

Akasakal

Answer 17

2.5million to 5million casualties - greatest proportional sacrifice.
July Crisis as opportunity - long lasting alliance with Germany, which they hoped would provide the Empire with an umbrella of long-term protection, a period of imperial consolidation after the war.
Jihad called instantly.

Question 18

Djemal Pasha

Answer 18

One of three pashas, responsible for giving order to execute the Armenian Genocide (Special Organisation), memoirs show suspicion of Christians and praise the Young Turks.

Question 19

Safarbarlik

Answer 19

Conscription under the Ottoman Empire

Question 20

Al-Majaa

Answer 20

The name for the famine.

Question 21

Isan Tourjman

Answer 21

Resident of Jerusalem - rejects the call of safarbarlik, becomes increasingly nationalistic - condemning the hangings of 11 nationalists worth ‘11,000’ of the Ottomans. Felt no attachment to the Ottoman empire.

Question 22

Beirut Daily - Smile for Victory

Answer 22

To the ‘spirit of a mother who died in hunger’

Question 23

Ottoman Strength:

Answer 23

Hold of British at Sinai

Question 24

Schayegh: Demonstrate Ottoman Strength

Answer 24

Mobilised 2,800,000 men, over 10 percent of the population, and extracted as many goods as possible from its population.
Highest civilian death ratio of all major combatants: 15% of the overall population (UK: 2%)
Ottoman state killed 1.5m Armenians
British largest campaign against Istanbul - seaborne attack on the Dardanelles in 1915 - failed. (Obj: Open Straits, hit Germany from behind)
Ottomans fought their toughest campaigns against Russia in the Caucasus in 1914-1917 and against Britain in Mesopotamia in 1915

Question 25

Schaylegh Continued: Detail Egypt

Answer 25

Two Ottoman stabs at British Egypt, launched from Bilad al-Sham in 1915 and 1916, faltered quickly. Supply lines were stretched too thinly in the Sinai Peninsula.

It took, however, until 1917 for Britain to breach defences at the Sinai. After that, swept up Ottoman Empire to claim Jerusalem. Only in Autumn, 1918, did Brits make Aleppo.

Question 26

Schaylegh Continued II: What improved substantially?

Answer 26

Road and rail transportation, though not improving fast enough, did dramatically improve between 1914 and 1918, especially through Bilad al-Sham

Question 27

Akasakal (OE): What is narrative surrounding the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 27

• ‘Unavoidable failure’ - comparative industrial disadvantage, relatively small population, prized geostrategic location, and its multi-ethnicity in an age of nationalism.

Question 28

What did Edib, novelist and feminist, state about the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 28

‘Though its disintegration began nearly a century before and though I firmly believe that, war or no war, the empire would have been doomed anyhow.’

Question 29

What is Akasakal’s perspective on the Ottoman Empire?

Answer 29

Neither the paradigm of the Ottoman failed state nor the victim of European colonialism explains why the empire collapsed after the war

Question 30

What happened to the enthusiasm surrounding the CUP?

Answer 30

Diminished markedly by 1911. Support had moved to the Freedom and Entente Party

Question 31

What was the foreign field like before the war for the Ottomans?

Answer 31

September 1911 - Italy attacked Tripoli; 1912, whilst still at war with Italy, faced Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Serbian forces. Though some territory was reclaimed in 1913, it had lost land it had held since the 14th century, including major centres like Salonica.

Question 32

What did some Ottomans chalk the failure up to?

Answer 32

Christians - in the army, and in the region (refused to donate to support the army). 1914 - 200,000 Christians expelled from Thrace. Ottomanists like Arslan Husri still held out hope for Ottomanism.

Question 33

What did the CUP increasing think?

Answer 33

Believed that there should be no nationalities in the empire - was prohibitive.

Question 34

Why did the Ottomans look with favour upon the war?

Answer 34

It brought in gold, material and men from Germany, in an alliance which would greatly bolster the integrity of the empire.

Question 35

What were the two offensive campaigns taken early by the Ottomans?

Answer 35

Against the Russians - Sarikamis; against the British in the Sinai
Sarikamis was a disaster - freezing temperatures saw 10,000s killed in days.
Gallipoli - success - associated with Kemal and new Turkey.

Question 36

What followed Sarikamis?

Answer 36

Explusion of the Armenian population - genocide claiming 1.5m.

Question 37

What else did Shaylegh note about the Ottoman Empire upon entry into the war?

Answer 37

Saw the termination of autonomous principalities in the Empire - such as Jerusalem, Mount Lebanon. Instead, replaced by rule from Fourth Army in Damascus. Could operate without reporting back to Istanbul. Imposition of marshal rule. Streamlined decision making.

Question 38

What did Tourjman note in his diaries?

Answer 38

• Disillusioned by the the division of Turkish superior officers and Arab rank and file.
• Tended to conflate the Turks with the CUP.
• Disliked the exclusion of the Christians from military service - not honourable to be forced to do labour.

Question 39

What did Feroz Ahmad note about the Ottoman Empire at the start of the war?

Answer 39

“The treasury was empty, the army demoralized, and the Turks diplomatically isolated.”

Question 40

What does Fawaz note about the diplomatic relations of the Ottoman empire?

Answer 40

Can overstate the German connection - originally went to the Triple Entente in 1913, but were rebuffed. GB even repossessed warships which it had sold to the OE (HMS Agincourt)

Question 41

What conflicts were there at the start of the war?

Answer 41

Unionists wanted to remain neutral in the war - a benevolent neutral which favoured Germany. This was despite general favour towards alliance w/ Germany, which broke the psychological fear of isolation.

Question 42

Why were Britain tied to Persia?

Answer 42

Britain dug itself in Persia as it was a vital point in its global communications network