Awful Exam #3 Flashcards
1
Q
Which are aware of and control contralateral side of body?
A
- Cerebrum
- Basal nuclei
- Thalamus
2
Q
What is USUALLY aware of and controls the ipsilateral side of body?
A
Cerebellum
3
Q
What, therefore, projects to contralateral red nucleus & ventrolateral thalamus?
A
Cerebellum
4
Q
What, therefore, receives from contralateral pontine & inferior olivary nuclei?
A
Cerebellum
5
Q
What are the fibers from inferior olivary nucleus?
A
Climbing fibers
6
Q
The rest of the cerebellar input is?
A
Mossy
7
Q
How are axial muscles controlled?
A
Bilaterally controlled
8
Q
Basal Nuclei:
Putamen + Caudate =
A
Striatum
9
Q
Basal Nuclei:
Striatum + Globus pallidus =
A
Corpus Striatum
10
Q
Basal Nuclei:
Putamen + Globus pallidus =
A
Lenticular nucleus
11
Q
Corpus striatum + Subthalamic Nucleus + Substantia nigra =
A
Basal Nuclei
12
Q
Inability to learn new facts and events =
A
Anterograde Amnesia
13
Q
Inability to recall old facts and events =
A
Retrograde Amnesia
14
Q
What is a fragile stimulatory glutamate receptor?
A
NMDA
15
Q
What is always inhibitory?
A
GABA
16
Q
What is found in globus pallidus & thalamus?
A
GABA
17
Q
What is found in the cerebrum & corpus striatum?
A
NMDA
18
Q
Which is the stimulatory dopamine receptor?
A
D1
19
Q
Where is the stimulatory dopamine receptor located?
A
- Striatum
- Preoptic hypothalamus
- Nucleus accumbens
20
Q
Which is the inhibitory dopamine receptor?
A
D2
21
Q
Where is the inhibitory dopamine receptor located?
A
Striatum
22
Q
What is the inhibitory acetylcholine receptor?
A
D1 neurons in putamen
23
Q
What is the stimulatory acetylcholine receptor?
A
D2 neurons in putamen
24
Q
What is another inhibitory dopamine receptor?
A
D3 in reticular formation
25
What is Parkinson's Disease?
1. Defective substantia nigra
2. Hyperactive indirect circuit - Bradykinesia
(indirect circuit restricts movement)
26
What is Tardive Dyskinesia?
1. Hypersensitive striatum
2. Hyperactive direct circuit - Chorea
(direct circuit promotes movement)
27
What are normal conditions?
1. Inhibitory indirect circuit inhibited
2. Stimulatory direct circuit easily activated by cortex
3. Thalamus stimulates cortex
28
Direct circuit
promotes movement
29
Indirect circuit
restricts movement
30
What is Huntington's Chorea?
1. Progressive
| 2. Defective striatum - underactive indirect circuit
31
What is Sydenham's Chorea?
1. Temporary
| 2. Defective striatum - underactive indirect circuit
32
What is Hemiballism?
1. Broken indirect circuit
| 2. Flailing
33
Thalamus:
| Anterior is responsible for?
episodic memory
34
Thalamus:
| Centromedian nucleus is responsible for?
alertness
35
Thalamus:
| Dorsomedial nucleus is responsible for?
working memory
36
Thalamus:
| Ventral anterior nucleus is responsible for?
Initiation of action
| ipsilateral cerebral cortex, contralateral muscles
37
Thalamus:
| Ventrolateral nucleus is responsible for?
contralateral muscle tone & coordination
38
Thalamus:
| Ventroposterolateral nucleus is responsible for?
contralateral postcranial somesthesia
39
Thalamus:
| Ventroposteromedial nucleus is responsible for?
somatic senses in head
| protopathic contralateral, epicritic bilateral
40
Thalamus:
| Pulvinar nucleus is responsible for?
visual attention
41
Thalamus:
| Lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for?
vision
42
Thalamus:
| Medial geniculate nucleus is responsible for?
hearing
43
Hypothalamus:
| Dorsolateral preoptic nucleus is responsible for?
Sleep
44
Hypothalamus:
| Dorsomedial preoptic nucleus is responsible for?
Temp.
45
Hypothalamus:
| Ventromedial preoptic nucleus is responsible for?
GnRH
| gonadal releasing hormone
46
Hypothalamus:
| INAH3 is responsible for?
sexual orientation
47
Hypothalamus:
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for?
circadian rhythm
48
Hypothalamus:
| Anterior hypothalamic nucleus responsible for?
parasympathetic
49
Hypothalamus:
| Paraventricular nucleus is responsible for?
oxytocin
50
Hypothalamus:
| Supraoptic nucleus is responsible for?
ADH
51
Which 3 parts of the hypothalamus form the tuberal region?
1. Arcuate nucleus
2. Lateral nucleus
3. Ventromedial nucleus
52
Which 2 parts of the hypothalamus form the mammillary region?
1. Mammillary nucleus
| 2. Posterior nucleus
53
Hypothalamus/Tuberal region:
| Arcuate nucleus
1. TRH
2. SRH
3. CRH
4. NpY to lateral nucleus
A. alpha-MSH to ventromedial nucleus
54
Hypothalamus/Tuberal region:
| Lateral nucleus
appetite stimulated by neuropeptide Y
55
Hypothalamus/Tuberal region:
| Ventromedial nucleus
alpha-MSH signal satiety, sends serotonin to inhibit lateral nucleus
56
Hypothalamus/Mammillary region:
| Mammillary nucleus
episodic memory, mood, affect
57
Hypothalamus/Mammillary region:
| Posterior nucleus
sympathetic nervous system
58
Cerebellum:
Flocculonodular lobe =
What is the flocculonodular lobe responsible for?
Vestibulocerebellum
| Balance
59
Cerebellum:
| What is the blood supply to the flocculonodular lobe?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
60
Cerebellum:
| Juxtarestiform body is responsible for?
Bidirectional communication w/ all vestibular nuclei
61
Cerebellum:
| Vermis =
Axial cerebellum (back muscles) fastigial nucleus
62
Cerebellum:
| What is the blood supply to the vermis?
Superior cerebellar artery
63
Cerebellum:
| Where is the posterior spinocerebellar tract found?
In the vermis of the cerebellum
in the restiform body
anterior lobe
64
Cerebellum:
| Anterior lobe =
spinocerebellum (muscle tone in extremities) - globose & emboliform nuclei
65
Cerebellum:
| What is the blood supply to the anterior lobe?
Superior cerebellar artery
66
Cerebellum:
| Posterior lobe =
Pontocerebellum
| skilled movement, prompt reversal of movement
67
Cerebellum:
| What is the blood supply to the posterior lobe?
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
68
Cerebellum:
| Posterior lobe contains?
Pontine nuclei - middle cerebellar peduncle - dentate nucleus
69
```
Cerebellum:
Purkinje cells (middle layer of cerebellar cortex) =
```
Output of cerebellum via dentate, emoboliform, globose, fastigial
70
Where do mossy fibers synapse?
granule cells, which project to Purkinje cel dendrites
71
Where do mossy fibers come from?
1. Contralateral pontine nuclei
| 2. Ipsilateral posterior spinocerebellar tract
72
What composes the Papez Circuit?
1. Hippocampus
2. Fornix
3. Mammillary body
4. Mammillothalamic tract
5. Anterior nucleus of thalamus
6. Anterior thalamic peduncle
7. Cingulate gyrus
8. Cingulum
9. Entorhinal cortex
10. Hippocampus
73
What is the function of the papez circuit?
episodic memory
74
What is hyperkinetic syndrome?
damage of basal nuclei
75
What is Huntington's disease?
progressively worse small jerks
| autosomal dominant gene
76
What is Hemiballism?
constant large jerks
| stroke
77
What is Tardive dyskinesia?
constant facial tics
| reaction to chronic dopamine blockade
78
What is Tourette's?
sporadic vocal & facial tics
| autosomal recessive gene
79
What is Sydenham's?
temporary sequel of scarlet fever
80
What is Restless legs syndrome?
Kicking in sleep
| autosomal dominant gene
81
What is hypokinetic?
Damage to the cerebellum
82
What are symptoms of Parkinson's?
1. Progressive bradykinesia
2. Facial immobility
3. Anterograde walking
4. Resting tremor in hands ("pill rolling")
83
Lesions to these regions causes disequilibrium and imbalance
1. Flocculonodular lobe
2. Fastigial nucleus
(possible medulloblastoma near nodulus)
84
What is another name for an acoustic neuroma?
Schwannoma
85
What is another name for Schwannoma?
Acoustic neuroma
86
Falls to lesioned side due to pressure on flocculus and/or facial paresis?
Acoustic neuroma
| Schwannoma
87
Truncal paresis/fall to lesioned side?
vermis/fastigial nucleus
88
Wernicke's ataxia
| thiamine deficiency
anterior cerebellum
89
What is Wernicke's ataxia?
thiamine deficiency
90
What is Wernicke's encephalopathy?
Chronic thiamine deficiency
91
Wernicke's encephalopathy
1. Anterior cerebellum
2. Heart
3. Mammillary bodies
92
Hypotonia
1. Anterior lobe
| 2. Globose - emboliform
93
Dysdiadochokinesis/Resolution of movement
posterior lobe/dentate
94
What is Neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
deadly fever due to blocking D1 receptors in dorsomedial preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus
95
What is the blood supply of the head of caudate nucleus?
Recurrent branch of A2 of anterior cerebral
96
What is the blood supply of the lenticular nucleus?
Lenticulostriate branches of M1 of middle cerebral
97
What is the blood supply of the medial globus pallidus?
Anterior choroidal branch of internal carotid
98
What is the function of the medial globus pallidus?
inhibits movements
99
What is the blood supply of the centromedian?
Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral artery
100
What is the function of centromedian?
wakefulness
101
What does the Thalamoperforating branch of the posterior cerebral artery supply?
1. Centromedian
2. Anterior thalamic nucleus
3. Ventral anterior
4. Ventrolateral
5. Subthalamic nucleus
102
What is the function of the anterior thalamic nucleus?
episodic memory & emotion
103
What is the function of the ventral anterior?
mediates basal nuclei
104
What is the function of the ventrolateral?
mediates contralateral cerebellum
105
What is the function of the subthalamic nucleus?
stimulates medial globus pallidus to prevent unwanted movement
106
What does the thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery supply?
1. Ventroposterolateral
2. Ventroposteromedial
3. Lateral geniculate
4. Medial geniculate
107
What does the thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery supply?
1. Ventroposterolateral
2. Ventroposteromedial
3. Lateral geniculate
4. Medial geniculate
108
What is the blood supply of the anterior thalamic nucleus?
Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral artery
109
What is the blood supply of the ventrolateral?
Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral artery
110
What is the blood supply of the subthalamic nucleus?
Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral artery
111
What is the blood supply of the ventroposterolateral?
Thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery
112
What is the blood supply of the ventroposteromedial?
Thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery
113
What is the blood supply of the lateral geniculate?
Thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery
114
What is the blood supply of the medial geniculate?
Thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery
115
What is the function of the ventroposterolateral?
Contralateral somatosensory, body
116
What is the function of the ventroposteromedial?
Somatosensory, head
| pain crossed, epicritic bilateral
117
What is the function of the lateral geniculate?
vision in contralateral field
118
What is the function of the medial geniculate?
hearing, sound discrimination
119
What does the Superior cerebellar artery supply?
1. Fastigial
2. Globose
3. Emboliform nuclei
4. Anterior lobe ~ spinocerebellum
120
What is the blood supply of the fastigial, globose, and emboliform nuclei?
Superior cerebellar artery
121
What is the blood supply of the anterior lobe ~ spinocerebellum?
Superior cerebellar artery
122
What does the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar artery supply?
1. Dentate nucleus
| 2. Posterior lobe ~ pontocerebellum
123
What is the blood supply of the dentate nucleus?
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
124
What is the blood supply of the posterior lobe~ pontocerebellum?
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery
125
What does the Posterior Inferior cerebellar artery supply?
1. Inferior cerebellar peduncle
| 2. Flocculonodular lobe = vestibulocerebellum
126
What is the blood supply of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
127
What is the blood supply of the flocculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum)?
Posterior inferior cerebellar artery
128
A = ?
absence of
129
Ataxia = ?
absence of control
130
Antero = ?
going forward
131
Chorea = ?
Dance
132
Dyskinesia = ?
bad movement
133
Dysdiadochokinesis = ?
bad reversal of movement
134
Esthesia = ?
sensation
135
```
Hyper = ?
Hypo = ?
```
too much
| too little
136
Hypotonia = ?
lack of tone
137
Juxta = ?
next to
138
Peduncle = ?
stem
139
Retro = ?
going backward
140
Soma = ?
body
141
Somesthesia = ?
sensation of one's own body
142
The juxtarestiform body consists of projections
1. from the cerebellar cortex to the vestibular nuclei
2. To the cerebellar cortex from the vestibular nuclei
(Both of the above)
143
The anterior lobe of the cerebellum gets its blood supply from the?
superior cerebellar artery
144
Maintenance of situationally appropriate muscle tone is the principal function of the?
vermis of the cerebellum
145
Purkinje cells in the paravermal zone of the cerebellum project to the?
interposed nuclei
146
The dentate nucleus projects to the contralateral red nucleus and ?
ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus
147
The restiform body is __ to the juxtarestiform body.
lateral
148
The juxtarestiform body is __ to the restiform body.
medial
149
The projections of the inferior olivary nucleus to the cerebellar cortex are called?
climbing fibers
150
Mossy fibers synapse on?
granule cells
151
Pontine nuclei project to the cerebellum via the?
contralateral middle cerebellar peduncle
152
The right ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus is essential for?
proprioception of the left side of the body
153
The thalamus is __ to the midbrain in humans.
Superior
154
The dorsomedial nucleus is separated from the anterior, ventral anterior, and ventrolateral nuclei by the
internal medullary lamina
155
The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus usually gets its blood supply from the
thalamoperforating artery
156
The centromedian nucleus of the thalamus is essential for
alertness
157
The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus is essential for
muscle tone
158
Vertigo, falls to the right, and paresis of the right side of the face suggest?
Schwannoma on the right vestibulocochlear nerve
159
Dysdiadochokinesis confined to the left arm and leg suggests?
occlusion of the left anterior inferior cerebellar artery
160
Wernicke's encephalopathy is usually treated w/ a B vitamin drip to prevent?
heart damage
161
The most obvious sign of thiamine deficiency is?
Ataxia
162
Episodic memory is encoded by the hippocampus and projected through the postcomissural fornix to the __ for evaluation and distribution.
Mammillary body
163
The interpeduncular nucleus creates rewards by releasing dopamine in the?
nucleus accumbens
164
The __ is essential for the processing of fear.
Amygdala
165
The arcuate nucleus communicates with the pituitary gland via the
hypophyseal portal veins
166
The most posterior region of the hypothalamus is the?
mammillary region
167
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an uncommon side-effect of?
D1 receptor blockers
168
The arcuate nucleus signals satiety (fullness) by releasing __ in the ventromedial nucleus.
alpha-MSH
169
The principal source of oxytocin in humans is the?
paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus
170
Most of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is directed by the?
posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus
171
D2 receptors are?
inhibitory dopamine receptors
172
Neurons in the putamen that are inhibited by dopamine are stimulated by?
1. ACh
| 2. Glutamate
173
Slow anterograde walking is a symptom of?
Parkinson's disease
174
Sydenham's chorea is an uncommon, but not rare, sequel of?
scarlet fever
175
Tardive dyskinesia is caused by?
overprescribing dopamine receptor blockers
176
Broadmann area 5 is often called the
hand manipulation area
177
Itch is projected directly from the __ to the secondary sensory cortex.
ventral posteroinferior nucleus of the thalamus
178
The location of pain is perceived in __ cerebral cortex, but the intensity is perceived __.
the contralateral
| Bilaterally
179
What fraction of the axons in the corticospinal tracts come from neurons in the parietal lobe?
30%
180
The secondary somatosensory cortex occupies the
posterior roof of the lateral fissure
181
The primary somatosensory cortex occupies the
postcentral gyrus
182
Injuries of the premotor cortex cause
apraxia
183
The primary motor cortex receives direct assistance from the __ nucleus of the thalamus in coordinating actions.
ventrolateral
184
The primary motor cortex is Brodmann's area
4
185
If a person cannot name a familiar object but can use it, the lesion is probably in the
middle temporal gyrus (area 21)
186
A pt who tells you that he has np left hand and that it is very annoying to find someone else's arm in bed w/ him probably has a stroke in his
left area 7
187
The calcarine artery often anastomoses w/ a branch of the
middle cerebral artery
188
The calcarine artery is a branch of the
posterior cerebral artery
189
A stroke infarcting the left Meyer's loop would cause a
binocular superior right quadrantanopia
190
The posterior end of the calcarine cortex receives info from the
macula of the retinas
191
The superior lip of the right calcarine sulcus receives info from the
lower quadrant of both retinas
192
A pituitary tumor is liable to cause
bitemporal hemianopia
193
An aneurysm of the right opthalmic artery is liable to cause
right monocular nasal hemianopia
194
The right lateral geniculate nucleus receives info about
the left visual field rom both eyes
195
The only neurons in the brainstem whose axons make direct contact w/ the dendrites of Purkinje cells are in the
inferior olivary nucleus
196
Rapid back-and-forth movements of the thumb against the fingers is typical of
Parkinson's disease
197
Sudden development of facial tics in a schizophrenic pt suggests
overprescription of a dopamine-blocking transquilizer
198
Restless legs syndrome is caused by
a dominant gene
199
D3 receptors are
inhibitory dopamine receptors
200
The medial globus pallidus inhibits the
VA nucleus of the thalamus
201
The medial globus pallidus is stimulated by the
subthalamic nucleus
202
The medial globus pallidus is inhibited by
GABA
203
It is believed that episodic memory is encoded by the
hippocampus
204
The central axis of the limbic system is the __ which links the interpeduncular nucleus w/ the nucleus accumbens and the septal nuclei.
medial forebrain bundle
205
The __ is essential for the processing of fear.
Amygdala
206
The __ nucleus of the hypothalamus is part of the Papez circuit for encoding episodic memory
mammillary
207
In a hypersensitive pt a D1 receptor blocker can cause
fatal hyperthermia
208
The arcuate nucleus signals satiety (fullness) by releasing __ in the ventromedial nucleus.
alpha-MSH
209
Most of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is directed by the
posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus
210
Sexual orientation is determined by the
INAH3
211
The thalamoperforating artery is a branch of the
posterior cerebral artery
212
The thalamus is __ to the midbrain in humans.
superior
213
The right ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus makes an essential contribution to
proprioception of the left side of the body
214
The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus usually gets its blood supply from the
thalamoperforating artery
215
The __ nucleus of the thalamus is part of the Papez circuit for encoding episodic memory.
Anterior
216
The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus is essential for
muscle tone
217
Vertigo, falls to the right, and paresis of the right side of the face suggest
Schwannoma on the right vestibulocochlear nerve
218
Dysdiadochokinesis confined to the left arm and leg suggests
occlusion of the left anterior inferior cerebellar artery
219
Wernicke's encephalopathy is usually treated w/ a B vitamin drip to prevent
heart damage
220
The most obvious sign of thiamine deficiency is
ataxia
221
The anterior lobe of the cerebellum gets its blood supply from the
superior cerebellar artery
222
The only deep cerebellar nuclei that have important bilateral projections to the vestibular nuclei are the
fastigial nuclei
223
The globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei project (directly) to the
ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus
