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Awful Class > Awful Exam #3 > Flashcards

Awful Exam #3 Flashcards

1
Q

Which are aware of and control contralateral side of body?

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Basal nuclei
  3. Thalamus
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2
Q

What is USUALLY aware of and controls the ipsilateral side of body?

A

Cerebellum

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3
Q

What, therefore, projects to contralateral red nucleus & ventrolateral thalamus?

A

Cerebellum

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4
Q

What, therefore, receives from contralateral pontine & inferior olivary nuclei?

A

Cerebellum

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5
Q

What are the fibers from inferior olivary nucleus?

A

Climbing fibers

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6
Q

The rest of the cerebellar input is?

A

Mossy

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7
Q

How are axial muscles controlled?

A

Bilaterally controlled

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8
Q

Basal Nuclei:

Putamen + Caudate =

A

Striatum

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9
Q

Basal Nuclei:

Striatum + Globus pallidus =

A

Corpus Striatum

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10
Q

Basal Nuclei:

Putamen + Globus pallidus =

A

Lenticular nucleus

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11
Q

Corpus striatum + Subthalamic Nucleus + Substantia nigra =

A

Basal Nuclei

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12
Q

Inability to learn new facts and events =

A

Anterograde Amnesia

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13
Q

Inability to recall old facts and events =

A

Retrograde Amnesia

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14
Q

What is a fragile stimulatory glutamate receptor?

A

NMDA

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15
Q

What is always inhibitory?

A

GABA

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16
Q

What is found in globus pallidus & thalamus?

A

GABA

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17
Q

What is found in the cerebrum & corpus striatum?

A

NMDA

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18
Q

Which is the stimulatory dopamine receptor?

A

D1

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19
Q

Where is the stimulatory dopamine receptor located?

A
  1. Striatum
  2. Preoptic hypothalamus
  3. Nucleus accumbens
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20
Q

Which is the inhibitory dopamine receptor?

A

D2

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21
Q

Where is the inhibitory dopamine receptor located?

A

Striatum

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22
Q

What is the inhibitory acetylcholine receptor?

A

D1 neurons in putamen

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23
Q

What is the stimulatory acetylcholine receptor?

A

D2 neurons in putamen

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24
Q

What is another inhibitory dopamine receptor?

A

D3 in reticular formation

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25
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A
  1. Defective substantia nigra
  2. Hyperactive indirect circuit - Bradykinesia
    (indirect circuit restricts movement)
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26
Q

What is Tardive Dyskinesia?

A
  1. Hypersensitive striatum
  2. Hyperactive direct circuit - Chorea
    (direct circuit promotes movement)
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27
Q

What are normal conditions?

A
  1. Inhibitory indirect circuit inhibited
  2. Stimulatory direct circuit easily activated by cortex
  3. Thalamus stimulates cortex
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28
Q

Direct circuit

A

promotes movement

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29
Q

Indirect circuit

A

restricts movement

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30
Q

What is Huntington’s Chorea?

A
  1. Progressive

2. Defective striatum - underactive indirect circuit

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31
Q

What is Sydenham’s Chorea?

A
  1. Temporary

2. Defective striatum - underactive indirect circuit

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32
Q

What is Hemiballism?

A
  1. Broken indirect circuit

2. Flailing

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33
Q

Thalamus:

Anterior is responsible for?

A

episodic memory

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34
Q

Thalamus:

Centromedian nucleus is responsible for?

A

alertness

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35
Q

Thalamus:

Dorsomedial nucleus is responsible for?

A

working memory

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36
Q

Thalamus:

Ventral anterior nucleus is responsible for?

A

Initiation of action

ipsilateral cerebral cortex, contralateral muscles

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37
Q

Thalamus:

Ventrolateral nucleus is responsible for?

A

contralateral muscle tone & coordination

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38
Q

Thalamus:

Ventroposterolateral nucleus is responsible for?

A

contralateral postcranial somesthesia

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39
Q

Thalamus:

Ventroposteromedial nucleus is responsible for?

A

somatic senses in head

protopathic contralateral, epicritic bilateral

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40
Q

Thalamus:

Pulvinar nucleus is responsible for?

A

visual attention

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41
Q

Thalamus:

Lateral geniculate nucleus is responsible for?

A

vision

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42
Q

Thalamus:

Medial geniculate nucleus is responsible for?

A

hearing

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43
Q

Hypothalamus:

Dorsolateral preoptic nucleus is responsible for?

A

Sleep

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44
Q

Hypothalamus:

Dorsomedial preoptic nucleus is responsible for?

A

Temp.

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45
Q

Hypothalamus:

Ventromedial preoptic nucleus is responsible for?

A

GnRH

gonadal releasing hormone

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46
Q

Hypothalamus:

INAH3 is responsible for?

A

sexual orientation

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47
Q

Hypothalamus:

Suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for?

A

circadian rhythm

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48
Q

Hypothalamus:

Anterior hypothalamic nucleus responsible for?

A

parasympathetic

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49
Q

Hypothalamus:

Paraventricular nucleus is responsible for?

A

oxytocin

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50
Q

Hypothalamus:

Supraoptic nucleus is responsible for?

A

ADH

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51
Q

Which 3 parts of the hypothalamus form the tuberal region?

A
  1. Arcuate nucleus
  2. Lateral nucleus
  3. Ventromedial nucleus
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52
Q

Which 2 parts of the hypothalamus form the mammillary region?

A
  1. Mammillary nucleus

2. Posterior nucleus

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53
Q

Hypothalamus/Tuberal region:

Arcuate nucleus

A
  1. TRH
  2. SRH
  3. CRH
  4. NpY to lateral nucleus

A. alpha-MSH to ventromedial nucleus

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54
Q

Hypothalamus/Tuberal region:

Lateral nucleus

A

appetite stimulated by neuropeptide Y

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55
Q

Hypothalamus/Tuberal region:

Ventromedial nucleus

A

alpha-MSH signal satiety, sends serotonin to inhibit lateral nucleus

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56
Q

Hypothalamus/Mammillary region:

Mammillary nucleus

A

episodic memory, mood, affect

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57
Q

Hypothalamus/Mammillary region:

Posterior nucleus

A

sympathetic nervous system

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58
Q

Cerebellum:
Flocculonodular lobe =
What is the flocculonodular lobe responsible for?

A

Vestibulocerebellum

Balance

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59
Q

Cerebellum:

What is the blood supply to the flocculonodular lobe?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

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60
Q

Cerebellum:

Juxtarestiform body is responsible for?

A

Bidirectional communication w/ all vestibular nuclei

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61
Q

Cerebellum:

Vermis =

A

Axial cerebellum (back muscles) fastigial nucleus

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62
Q

Cerebellum:

What is the blood supply to the vermis?

A

Superior cerebellar artery

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63
Q

Cerebellum:

Where is the posterior spinocerebellar tract found?

A

In the vermis of the cerebellum
in the restiform body
anterior lobe

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64
Q

Cerebellum:

Anterior lobe =

A

spinocerebellum (muscle tone in extremities) - globose & emboliform nuclei

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65
Q

Cerebellum:

What is the blood supply to the anterior lobe?

A

Superior cerebellar artery

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66
Q

Cerebellum:

Posterior lobe =

A

Pontocerebellum

skilled movement, prompt reversal of movement

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67
Q

Cerebellum:

What is the blood supply to the posterior lobe?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

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68
Q

Cerebellum:

Posterior lobe contains?

A

Pontine nuclei - middle cerebellar peduncle - dentate nucleus

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69
Q 
Cerebellum:
Purkinje cells (middle layer of cerebellar cortex) =
A

Output of cerebellum via dentate, emoboliform, globose, fastigial

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70
Q

Where do mossy fibers synapse?

A

granule cells, which project to Purkinje cel dendrites

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71
Q

Where do mossy fibers come from?

A
  1. Contralateral pontine nuclei

2. Ipsilateral posterior spinocerebellar tract

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72
Q

What composes the Papez Circuit?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Fornix
  3. Mammillary body
  4. Mammillothalamic tract
  5. Anterior nucleus of thalamus
  6. Anterior thalamic peduncle
  7. Cingulate gyrus
  8. Cingulum
  9. Entorhinal cortex
  10. Hippocampus
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73
Q

What is the function of the papez circuit?

A

episodic memory

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74
Q

What is hyperkinetic syndrome?

A

damage of basal nuclei

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75
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

progressively worse small jerks

autosomal dominant gene

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76
Q

What is Hemiballism?

A

constant large jerks

stroke

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77
Q

What is Tardive dyskinesia?

A

constant facial tics

reaction to chronic dopamine blockade

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78
Q

What is Tourette’s?

A

sporadic vocal & facial tics

autosomal recessive gene

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79
Q

What is Sydenham’s?

A

temporary sequel of scarlet fever

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80
Q

What is Restless legs syndrome?

A

Kicking in sleep

autosomal dominant gene

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81
Q

What is hypokinetic?

A

Damage to the cerebellum

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82
Q

What are symptoms of Parkinson’s?

A
  1. Progressive bradykinesia
  2. Facial immobility
  3. Anterograde walking
  4. Resting tremor in hands (“pill rolling”)
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83
Q

Lesions to these regions causes disequilibrium and imbalance

A
  1. Flocculonodular lobe
  2. Fastigial nucleus
    (possible medulloblastoma near nodulus)
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84
Q

What is another name for an acoustic neuroma?

A

Schwannoma

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85
Q

What is another name for Schwannoma?

A

Acoustic neuroma

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86
Q

Falls to lesioned side due to pressure on flocculus and/or facial paresis?

A

Acoustic neuroma

Schwannoma

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87
Q

Truncal paresis/fall to lesioned side?

A

vermis/fastigial nucleus

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88
Q

Wernicke’s ataxia

thiamine deficiency

A

anterior cerebellum

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89
Q

What is Wernicke’s ataxia?

A

thiamine deficiency

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90
Q

What is Wernicke’s encephalopathy?

A

Chronic thiamine deficiency

91
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A
  1. Anterior cerebellum
  2. Heart
  3. Mammillary bodies
92
Q

Hypotonia

A
  1. Anterior lobe

2. Globose - emboliform

93
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis/Resolution of movement

A

posterior lobe/dentate

94
Q

What is Neuroleptic malignant syndrome?

A

deadly fever due to blocking D1 receptors in dorsomedial preoptic nucleus of hypothalamus

95
Q

What is the blood supply of the head of caudate nucleus?

A

Recurrent branch of A2 of anterior cerebral

96
Q

What is the blood supply of the lenticular nucleus?

A

Lenticulostriate branches of M1 of middle cerebral

97
Q

What is the blood supply of the medial globus pallidus?

A

Anterior choroidal branch of internal carotid

98
Q

What is the function of the medial globus pallidus?

A

inhibits movements

99
Q

What is the blood supply of the centromedian?

A

Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral artery

100
Q

What is the function of centromedian?

A

wakefulness

101
Q

What does the Thalamoperforating branch of the posterior cerebral artery supply?

A
  1. Centromedian
  2. Anterior thalamic nucleus
  3. Ventral anterior
  4. Ventrolateral
  5. Subthalamic nucleus
102
Q

What is the function of the anterior thalamic nucleus?

A

episodic memory & emotion

103
Q

What is the function of the ventral anterior?

A

mediates basal nuclei

104
Q

What is the function of the ventrolateral?

A

mediates contralateral cerebellum

105
Q

What is the function of the subthalamic nucleus?

A

stimulates medial globus pallidus to prevent unwanted movement

106
Q

What does the thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery supply?

A
  1. Ventroposterolateral
  2. Ventroposteromedial
  3. Lateral geniculate
  4. Medial geniculate
107
Q

What does the thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery supply?

A
  1. Ventroposterolateral
  2. Ventroposteromedial
  3. Lateral geniculate
  4. Medial geniculate
108
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior thalamic nucleus?

A

Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral artery

109
Q

What is the blood supply of the ventrolateral?

A

Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral artery

110
Q

What is the blood supply of the subthalamic nucleus?

A

Thalamoperforating branch of posterior cerebral artery

111
Q

What is the blood supply of the ventroposterolateral?

A

Thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery

112
Q

What is the blood supply of the ventroposteromedial?

A

Thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery

113
Q

What is the blood supply of the lateral geniculate?

A

Thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery

114
Q

What is the blood supply of the medial geniculate?

A

Thalamogeniculate branch of posterior cerebral artery

115
Q

What is the function of the ventroposterolateral?

A

Contralateral somatosensory, body

116
Q

What is the function of the ventroposteromedial?

A

Somatosensory, head

pain crossed, epicritic bilateral

117
Q

What is the function of the lateral geniculate?

A

vision in contralateral field

118
Q

What is the function of the medial geniculate?

A

hearing, sound discrimination

119
Q

What does the Superior cerebellar artery supply?

A
  1. Fastigial
  2. Globose
  3. Emboliform nuclei
  4. Anterior lobe ~ spinocerebellum
120
Q

What is the blood supply of the fastigial, globose, and emboliform nuclei?

A

Superior cerebellar artery

121
Q

What is the blood supply of the anterior lobe ~ spinocerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar artery

122
Q

What does the Anterior Inferior Cerebellar artery supply?

A
  1. Dentate nucleus

2. Posterior lobe ~ pontocerebellum

123
Q

What is the blood supply of the dentate nucleus?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

124
Q

What is the blood supply of the posterior lobe~ pontocerebellum?

A

Anterior inferior cerebellar artery

125
Q

What does the Posterior Inferior cerebellar artery supply?

A
  1. Inferior cerebellar peduncle

2. Flocculonodular lobe = vestibulocerebellum

126
Q

What is the blood supply of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

127
Q

What is the blood supply of the flocculonodular lobe (vestibulocerebellum)?

A

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

128
Q

A = ?

A

absence of

129
Q

Ataxia = ?

A

absence of control

130
Q

Antero = ?

A

going forward

131
Q

Chorea = ?

A

Dance

132
Q

Dyskinesia = ?

A

bad movement

133
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis = ?

A

bad reversal of movement

134
Q

Esthesia = ?

A

sensation

135
Q 
Hyper = ? 
Hypo = ?
A

too much

too little

136
Q

Hypotonia = ?

A

lack of tone

137
Q

Juxta = ?

A

next to

138
Q

Peduncle = ?

A

stem

139
Q

Retro = ?

A

going backward

140
Q

Soma = ?

A

body

141
Q

Somesthesia = ?

A

sensation of one’s own body

142
Q

The juxtarestiform body consists of projections

A
  1. from the cerebellar cortex to the vestibular nuclei
  2. To the cerebellar cortex from the vestibular nuclei
    (Both of the above)
143
Q

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum gets its blood supply from the?

A

superior cerebellar artery

144
Q

Maintenance of situationally appropriate muscle tone is the principal function of the?

A

vermis of the cerebellum

145
Q

Purkinje cells in the paravermal zone of the cerebellum project to the?

A

interposed nuclei

146
Q

The dentate nucleus projects to the contralateral red nucleus and ?

A

ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus

147
Q

The restiform body is __ to the juxtarestiform body.

A

lateral

148
Q

The juxtarestiform body is __ to the restiform body.

A

medial

149
Q

The projections of the inferior olivary nucleus to the cerebellar cortex are called?

A

climbing fibers

150
Q

Mossy fibers synapse on?

A

granule cells

151
Q

Pontine nuclei project to the cerebellum via the?

A

contralateral middle cerebellar peduncle

152
Q

The right ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus is essential for?

A

proprioception of the left side of the body

153
Q

The thalamus is __ to the midbrain in humans.

A

Superior

154
Q

The dorsomedial nucleus is separated from the anterior, ventral anterior, and ventrolateral nuclei by the

A

internal medullary lamina

155
Q

The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus usually gets its blood supply from the

A

thalamoperforating artery

156
Q

The centromedian nucleus of the thalamus is essential for

A

alertness

157
Q

The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus is essential for

A

muscle tone

158
Q

Vertigo, falls to the right, and paresis of the right side of the face suggest?

A

Schwannoma on the right vestibulocochlear nerve

159
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis confined to the left arm and leg suggests?

A

occlusion of the left anterior inferior cerebellar artery

160
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy is usually treated w/ a B vitamin drip to prevent?

A

heart damage

161
Q

The most obvious sign of thiamine deficiency is?

A

Ataxia

162
Q

Episodic memory is encoded by the hippocampus and projected through the postcomissural fornix to the __ for evaluation and distribution.

A

Mammillary body

163
Q

The interpeduncular nucleus creates rewards by releasing dopamine in the?

A

nucleus accumbens

164
Q

The __ is essential for the processing of fear.

A

Amygdala

165
Q

The arcuate nucleus communicates with the pituitary gland via the

A

hypophyseal portal veins

166
Q

The most posterior region of the hypothalamus is the?

A

mammillary region

167
Q

Neuroleptic malignant syndrome is an uncommon side-effect of?

A

D1 receptor blockers

168
Q

The arcuate nucleus signals satiety (fullness) by releasing __ in the ventromedial nucleus.

A

alpha-MSH

169
Q

The principal source of oxytocin in humans is the?

A

paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

170
Q

Most of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is directed by the?

A

posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus

171
Q

D2 receptors are?

A

inhibitory dopamine receptors

172
Q

Neurons in the putamen that are inhibited by dopamine are stimulated by?

A
  1. ACh

2. Glutamate

173
Q

Slow anterograde walking is a symptom of?

A

Parkinson’s disease

174
Q

Sydenham’s chorea is an uncommon, but not rare, sequel of?

A

scarlet fever

175
Q

Tardive dyskinesia is caused by?

A

overprescribing dopamine receptor blockers

176
Q

Broadmann area 5 is often called the

A

hand manipulation area

177
Q

Itch is projected directly from the __ to the secondary sensory cortex.

A

ventral posteroinferior nucleus of the thalamus

178
Q

The location of pain is perceived in __ cerebral cortex, but the intensity is perceived __.

A

the contralateral

Bilaterally

179
Q

What fraction of the axons in the corticospinal tracts come from neurons in the parietal lobe?

A

30%

180
Q

The secondary somatosensory cortex occupies the

A

posterior roof of the lateral fissure

181
Q

The primary somatosensory cortex occupies the

A

postcentral gyrus

182
Q

Injuries of the premotor cortex cause

A

apraxia

183
Q

The primary motor cortex receives direct assistance from the __ nucleus of the thalamus in coordinating actions.

A

ventrolateral

184
Q

The primary motor cortex is Brodmann’s area

A

4

185
Q

If a person cannot name a familiar object but can use it, the lesion is probably in the

A

middle temporal gyrus (area 21)

186
Q

A pt who tells you that he has np left hand and that it is very annoying to find someone else’s arm in bed w/ him probably has a stroke in his

A

left area 7

187
Q

The calcarine artery often anastomoses w/ a branch of the

A

middle cerebral artery

188
Q

The calcarine artery is a branch of the

A

posterior cerebral artery

189
Q

A stroke infarcting the left Meyer’s loop would cause a

A

binocular superior right quadrantanopia

190
Q

The posterior end of the calcarine cortex receives info from the

A

macula of the retinas

191
Q

The superior lip of the right calcarine sulcus receives info from the

A

lower quadrant of both retinas

192
Q

A pituitary tumor is liable to cause

A

bitemporal hemianopia

193
Q

An aneurysm of the right opthalmic artery is liable to cause

A

right monocular nasal hemianopia

194
Q

The right lateral geniculate nucleus receives info about

A

the left visual field rom both eyes

195
Q

The only neurons in the brainstem whose axons make direct contact w/ the dendrites of Purkinje cells are in the

A

inferior olivary nucleus

196
Q

Rapid back-and-forth movements of the thumb against the fingers is typical of

A

Parkinson’s disease

197
Q

Sudden development of facial tics in a schizophrenic pt suggests

A

overprescription of a dopamine-blocking transquilizer

198
Q

Restless legs syndrome is caused by

A

a dominant gene

199
Q

D3 receptors are

A

inhibitory dopamine receptors

200
Q

The medial globus pallidus inhibits the

A

VA nucleus of the thalamus

201
Q

The medial globus pallidus is stimulated by the

A

subthalamic nucleus

202
Q

The medial globus pallidus is inhibited by

A

GABA

203
Q

It is believed that episodic memory is encoded by the

A

hippocampus

204
Q

The central axis of the limbic system is the __ which links the interpeduncular nucleus w/ the nucleus accumbens and the septal nuclei.

A

medial forebrain bundle

205
Q

The __ is essential for the processing of fear.

A

Amygdala

206
Q

The __ nucleus of the hypothalamus is part of the Papez circuit for encoding episodic memory

A

mammillary

207
Q

In a hypersensitive pt a D1 receptor blocker can cause

A

fatal hyperthermia

208
Q

The arcuate nucleus signals satiety (fullness) by releasing __ in the ventromedial nucleus.

A

alpha-MSH

209
Q

Most of the activity of the sympathetic nervous system is directed by the

A

posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus

210
Q

Sexual orientation is determined by the

A

INAH3

211
Q

The thalamoperforating artery is a branch of the

A

posterior cerebral artery

212
Q

The thalamus is __ to the midbrain in humans.

A

superior

213
Q

The right ventroposterolateral nucleus of the thalamus makes an essential contribution to

A

proprioception of the left side of the body

214
Q

The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus usually gets its blood supply from the

A

thalamoperforating artery

215
Q

The __ nucleus of the thalamus is part of the Papez circuit for encoding episodic memory.

A

Anterior

216
Q

The ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus is essential for

A

muscle tone

217
Q

Vertigo, falls to the right, and paresis of the right side of the face suggest

A

Schwannoma on the right vestibulocochlear nerve

218
Q

Dysdiadochokinesis confined to the left arm and leg suggests

A

occlusion of the left anterior inferior cerebellar artery

219
Q

Wernicke’s encephalopathy is usually treated w/ a B vitamin drip to prevent

A

heart damage

220
Q

The most obvious sign of thiamine deficiency is

A

ataxia

221
Q

The anterior lobe of the cerebellum gets its blood supply from the

A

superior cerebellar artery

222
Q

The only deep cerebellar nuclei that have important bilateral projections to the vestibular nuclei are the

A

fastigial nuclei

223
Q

The globose, emboliform, and dentate nuclei project (directly) to the

A

ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus

Awful Class (2 decks)

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