Awful Class Final

Question 1

CNS Birth defect where there is no brain because the anterior neuropore did not close?

Answer 1

Prosanencephaly

Question 2

CNS birth defect where no lumbar cord present because posterior neuropore did not close

Answer 2

Myeloschesis

Question 3

CNS birth defect w/ non-functional swollen lumbar cord due to late closure of posterior neuropore

Answer 3

Myelomeningocoele

Question 4

CNS birth defect where the laminae of vertebrae do not meet

Answer 4

spina bifida

Question 5

W/ happens to conduction speed with increasing axon and myelin thickness and internodal distance?

Answer 5

Conduction speed increases

Question 6

Role of Schwann cells

Answer 6

1. Insulate peripheral nerves

2. Support regeneration of cut axon

Question 7

Examples of NEURONS

Answer 7

1. Axons
2. Peripheral & (in sensory neurons) - Central processes
3. Tau
4. Transmitter vesicles

Question 8

What cell insulates axons in CNS and prevents regeneration of cut axons?

Answer 8

Oligodendrocyte (40%)

Question 9

What cell type directs blood flow, scavenges K+ at synapse, and creates glymphatic space during sleep?

Answer 9

Astrocytes (45%)

Question 10

What are brain macrophages?

Answer 10

Microglia

Question 11

What is the role of microglia?

Answer 11

Toll-like receptors

IL-1

Question 12

What does the substantia gelatinosa contain?

Answer 12

protopathic synapses

Question 13

What does the intermediolateral nucleus contain?

Answer 13

preganglionic sympathetic neurons

Question 14

What does the medial motor nucleus contain?

Answer 14

LMN for trunk muscles

Question 15

What does the anterior spinal artery supply?

Answer 15

Everything EXCEPT:

1. ) Posterior funiculus
2. ) Substantia gelatinosa

Question 16

What does the dorsal thoracic nucleus contain?

Answer 16

secondary neurons for muscle stretch

Question 17

What is the origin of the posterior spinocerebellar tract?

Answer 17

Dorsal thoracic nucleus

Question 18

What is the Lateral spinothalamic tract responsible for?

Answer 18

Protopathic sensation from opposite side (contralateral side)

Question 19

Where are the primary sensory neurons located?

Answer 19

Dorsal root ganglia (aka spinal ganglia)

Question 20

What is the Lateral motor nuclei root levels?

Answer 20

C5-C8

L2-S3

Question 21

What are the lateral motor nuclei responsible for?

Answer 21

lower motor neurons for ipsilateral arm & leg

Question 22

What are 3 diseases of the spinal cord?

Answer 22

1. ) Tertiary syphilis - Tabes dorsalis
2. ) B12 polyneuropathy
3. ) Multiple Sclerosis

Question 23

What happens with tertiary syphilis (tabes dorsalis)?

Answer 23

Wasting of fasciculus gracilis –> Loss of proprioception in legs

Question 24

What happens with B12 polyneuropathy?

Answer 24

Demyelination starting w/ fasciculus gracilis

Question 25

What happens with multiple sclerosis?

Answer 25

Myelin autoimmunity --> Random loss of spinal tracts

Question 26

What is the cuneate and gracile nuclei responsible for?

Answer 26

general somatic sensory

Question 27

How do we receive epicritic sensation from the spinal (dorsal root) ganglia?

Answer 27

Via cuneate (arm) & gracile (leg) tracts

Question 28

Where do the cuneate and gracile nuclei project to?

Answer 28

Ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus

Question 29

How do the cuneate and gracile nuclei project to the ventroposterolateral thalamic nucleus?

Answer 29

via internal arcuate fibers and CONTRALATERAL medial lemniscus

Question 30

What is the posterior spinocerebellar tract responsible for?

Answer 30

carrying info on muscle stretch in leg from ipsilateral dorsal thoracic nucleus

Question 31

What is the principal contributor to the restiform body?

Answer 31

posterior spinocerebellar tract

Question 32

Where does the posterior spinocerebellar tract synapse?

Answer 32

on the cortex of the anterior lobe of cerebellum

Question 33

What is the accessory (lateral) cuneate nucleus responsible for?

Answer 33

Receiving muscle stretch info from arm via superficial fibers in tractus cuneatus

Question 34

Which tract joins to form the restiform body?

Answer 34

Cuneocerebellar tract

Question 35

Where does the cuneocerebellar tract synapse?

Answer 35

On the cortex of the anterior lobe of cerebellum

Question 36

What makes up the Anterolateral System?

Answer 36

1. ) Lateral spinothalamic tract + fellow travelers 2. ) Axons of secondary neurons in contralateral nucleus proprius of spinal cord 3. ) Axons of secondary neurons crossed in anterior white commissure of spinal cord

Question 37

What is the Anterolateral system responsible for?

Answer 37

carrying protopathic sensation from opposite limbs to ipsilateral VPL thalamic nucleus

Question 38

Where is the posterior pain pathway (inflammation) located?

Answer 38

In medial edge of fasciculus gracilis