Avoiding Predation

Question 1

Hominin Predators

Answer 1

-Big cats hunt primates
-Indian fishermen wear masks to fight tiger attacks

Question 1

Physiological Stress Response:

Answer 1

• Sympathetic Nervous System: Fast response (nervous response)
  -Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal: (HPA axis) Slow, long lasting response ->(Hormonal Response)

Question 2

SNS

Answer 2

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 3

PNS

Answer 3

Parasympathetic nervous system

Question 4

monoamines

Answer 4

any neurotransmitter made from a single amino acid

Question 5

catecholamines

Answer 5

monoamines derived from tyrosine (dopamine, neropinephrine,epinephrine)

Question 6

indoleamines

Answer 6

derived fro, trypotophan (serotionin)
- very small molecules that can pass to brain easily

Question 7

HPA

Answer 7

Hypothalamic- pituitary adrenal axis

Question 8

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Answer 8

Secreted by specific cells in the hypothalamus in times of stress
- The CRH stimulates the pituitary gland to secret adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 9

ACTH

Answer 9

Adrenocortiocotropic hormone
- stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands (by the kidneys) to secrete cortisol

Question 10

Cortisol

Answer 10

• effects mobilization of energy, immune suppression, negative feedback to hypothalamus
  -primary stress hormone
• produced by cortex of adrenal gland

Question 11

Hormones/ Neurotransmitters that release glucose and fatty acids (part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)

Answer 11

• epinephrine
• norepinephrine
• glucocorticoids

Question 12

Functional components of the mammalian stress response

Answer 12

• glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells
• fatty acids stored as triglycerides in fat cells
• there is an increase in oxygen intake

Question 13

Increase respiration rate (part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)

Answer 13

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 14

Increased delivery of oxygen and glucose to skeletal muscle tissues(part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)

Answer 14

• Increased heart rate (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
• Constriction of blood vessels leading to nonessential organs such as skin and viscera
• increased blood pressure (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
• Dilation of pupils
• memory and cognition sharpened

Question 15

Analgesia(part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)

Answer 15

endogenous opioids released from anterior pituitary gland

Question 16

Inhibition of digestion (part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)

Answer 16

sympathetic activation and parasympathetic deactivation
- blood flow to stomach and gut decreased
- Reduced secretion of saliva
-Reduced secretion of digestive acids
- reduced intestinal peristalsis

Question 17

Inhibition of Reproduction (part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)

Answer 17

-> Reduced testosterone (males) and reduced estrogen (females) levels
- endorphins block GnRH release
- prl decreases pituitary sensitivity to GnRH
- Glucocorticoids block the response to the testes to LH
-> Erectile Dysfunction

Question 18

Deleterious consequences of chronic stress
(part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)

Answer 18

• diabetes
  -ulcers
  -irritable bowel syndrome
  -reproductive disorders
  -infectious disease and cancer metastasis

Question 19

Visual processing of info (part of the Neurobiological response to emergencies )

Answer 19

-stimuli - eyes -thalamus - visual cortex - amygdala

Question 20

amygdala (part of the Neurobiological response to emergencies)

Answer 20

• assesses danger of threats

Question 21

lateral nucleus (part of the Neurobiological response to emergencies )

Answer 21

input center

Question 22

central nucleus (part of the Neurobiological response to emergencies )

Answer 22

output center

Question 23

If stimuli is perceived as a threat

Answer 23

• activates sympathetic nervous system (automatic )
• activates HPA axis (hormonal )
• makes individual feel afraid (emotional)

Question 24

Monoamines

Answer 24

made from single amino acids

Question 24

catecholamines

Answer 24

made from tyrosine

Question 25

cortisol

Answer 25

main stress hormone in humans

Question 26

indoleamines

Answer 26

made from tryptophan

Question 27

steroid hormones

Answer 27

derived from cholesterol