Hominin Predators
-Big cats hunt primates
-Indian fishermen wear masks to fight tiger attacks
Physiological Stress Response:
- Sympathetic Nervous System: Fast response (nervous response)
-Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal: (HPA axis) Slow, long lasting response ->(Hormonal Response)
SNS
Sympathetic Nervous System
PNS
Parasympathetic nervous system
monoamines
any neurotransmitter made from a single amino acid
catecholamines
monoamines derived from tyrosine (dopamine, neropinephrine,epinephrine)
indoleamines
derived fro, trypotophan (serotionin)
- very small molecules that can pass to brain easily
HPA
Hypothalamic- pituitary adrenal axis
Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
Secreted by specific cells in the hypothalamus in times of stress
- The CRH stimulates the pituitary gland to secret adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
ACTH
Adrenocortiocotropic hormone
- stimulates the cortex of the adrenal glands (by the kidneys) to secrete cortisol
Cortisol
- effects mobilization of energy, immune suppression, negative feedback to hypothalamus
-primary stress hormone - produced by cortex of adrenal gland
Hormones/ Neurotransmitters that release glucose and fatty acids (part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine
- glucocorticoids
Functional components of the mammalian stress response
- glucose is stored as glycogen in the liver and muscle cells
- fatty acids stored as triglycerides in fat cells
- there is an increase in oxygen intake
Increase respiration rate (part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Increased delivery of oxygen and glucose to skeletal muscle tissues(part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)
- Increased heart rate (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
- Constriction of blood vessels leading to nonessential organs such as skin and viscera
- increased blood pressure (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
- Dilation of pupils
- memory and cognition sharpened
Analgesia(part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)
endogenous opioids released from anterior pituitary gland
Inhibition of digestion (part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)
sympathetic activation and parasympathetic deactivation
- blood flow to stomach and gut decreased
- Reduced secretion of saliva
-Reduced secretion of digestive acids
- reduced intestinal peristalsis
Inhibition of Reproduction (part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)
-> Reduced testosterone (males) and reduced estrogen (females) levels
- endorphins block GnRH release
- prl decreases pituitary sensitivity to GnRH
- Glucocorticoids block the response to the testes to LH
-> Erectile Dysfunction
Deleterious consequences of chronic stress
(part of Functional components of mammalian stress response)
- diabetes
-ulcers
-irritable bowel syndrome
-reproductive disorders
-infectious disease and cancer metastasis
Visual processing of info (part of the Neurobiological response to emergencies )
-stimuli - eyes -thalamus - visual cortex - amygdala
amygdala (part of the Neurobiological response to emergencies)
- assesses danger of threats
lateral nucleus (part of the Neurobiological response to emergencies )
input center
central nucleus (part of the Neurobiological response to emergencies )
output center
If stimuli is perceived as a threat
- activates sympathetic nervous system (automatic )
- activates HPA axis (hormonal )
- makes individual feel afraid (emotional)
