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SIFT Exam > Aviation Information > Flashcards

Aviation Information Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two edges of an airfoil called?

A
  • Leading edge

- Trailing edge

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2
Q

What are airfoils used for?

A

To push air to create lift

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3
Q

How does an airfoil provide lift?

A

Based on Benoulli’s Principle. The air flows faster over the top of the wing that it does underneath thus creating more pressure under the wing and providing lift.

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4
Q

What are two categories of fixed-wing propulsion systems?

A
  • Propellers

- Jets

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5
Q

What are the different kinds of weight in aviation?

A
  • Basic weight
  • Operating weight
  • Gross weight
  • Landing gross weight
  • Zero fuel weight
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6
Q

What is profile drag?

A

Frictional resistance of helicopter blades passing through the air.

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7
Q

What is induced drag?

A

Airflow circulation around the blades creating vortices.

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8
Q

What is flight attitude?

A

A/C changes it’s position in flight

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9
Q

What is the axis that runs lengthwise from the nose to the tail?

A

Longitudinal axis

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10
Q

What is the axis that runs wingtip to wingtip?

A

Lateral axis

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11
Q

What is the axis that runs through the A/C’s center of gravity?

A

Vertical axis

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12
Q

What is the movement on the A/C’s longitudinal axis called?

A

Roll

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13
Q

What is the movement on the A/C’s lateral axis called?

A

Pitch

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14
Q

What is the movement on the A/C’s vertical axis called?

A

Yaw

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15
Q

What are type types of flight controls?

A
  • Primary

- Secondary

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16
Q

What are the 4 main types of helicopter flight controls?

A
  • Cyclic
  • Collective
  • Anti-torque pedals
  • Throttle
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17
Q

What does the altimeter measure?

A

Height above a particular air pressure level and provides altitude above ground.

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18
Q

What unit of measure does the altimeter use?

A

Feet

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19
Q

What is the standard barometric pressure?

A

29.92 inches of mercury

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20
Q

What is the standard sea level free air temperature?

A

59 deg F

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21
Q

What are the 5 types of altitude?

A
  1. Indicated Altitude
  2. True Altitude
  3. Absolute Altitude
  4. Pressure Altitude
  5. Density Altitude
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22
Q

What is indicated altitude?

A

Uncorrected altitude

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23
Q

What is true altitude?

A

Distance above Mean Sea Level (MSL)

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24
Q

What is absolute altitude?

A

Distance above terrain or ground level

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25
Q

What is pressure altitude?

A

Adjusted to standard barometric pressure (29.92)

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26
Q

What is density altitude?

A

Corrected for variations from standard temperature. Important altitude for A/C’s performance.

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27
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Caused by insufficient oxygen in the bloodstream from unpressurized flight at high altitude

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28
Q

What is the FAA regulation for requiring oxygen in flights?

A

Above 12,500 feet

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29
Q

What is the military regulation for requiring oxygen in flights?

A

Above 10,000 feet

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30
Q

What does the Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI) do?

A

Indicates when the A/C is climbing, descending or level flight.

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31
Q

What does the Airspeed Indicator do?

A

Measures the difference between impact pressure and static pressure.

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32
Q

What are the 4 types of airspeeds? (ICE-T)

A
  1. Indicated Airspeed
  2. Calibrated Airspeed
  3. Equivalent Airspeed
  4. True Airspeed
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33
Q

What is indicated airspeed?

A

Measures air pressure from the pitot tube

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34
Q

What is calibrated airspeed?

A

Accounting for A/C mechanical and position errors

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35
Q

What is equivalent airspeed?

A

Compensating for compression effects; used at speeds over 200mph

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36
Q

What is true airspeed?

A

Accounting for temperature and atmospheric pressure changes

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37
Q

What are the two types of turn indicators?

A
  • Turn and slip

- Turn coordinator

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38
Q

What unit of measure does the turn indicator use?

A

Degrees per second

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39
Q

What is the inclinometer? How is it used?

A

Liquid-filled curved tube with a ball inside. Used to show A/C yaw and side-to-side movement.

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40
Q

What is the artificial horizon indicator?

A

Also known as attitude indicator. Displays picture of the attitude of the A/C.

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41
Q

What are the 2 types of compasses used in an A/C?

A
  • Magnetic compass (old)

- Vertical card compress (new)

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42
Q

What 4 forces act on an A/C in flight?

A
  • Lift
  • Gravity
  • Thrust
  • Drag
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43
Q

What effects density altitude?

A
  • Temperature
  • Atmospheric pressure
  • Humidity
  • Altitude
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44
Q

What maneuver in which a rotary wing A/C is maintained in nearly motionless flight over a ground reference point at a constant altitude and heading is known as?

A

Hovering

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45
Q

The flight envelope of an A/C is?

A

The region of altitude and airspeed in which it can be operated

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46
Q

An airfoil’s efficiency, either a wing or a rotor blade, is ________ at high altitudes by the __________ air density?

A

Decreased, lesser

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47
Q

The primary purpose of the tail rotor system is to?

A

Balance or counteract the torque effect of the main rotor

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48
Q

Takeoff from a slope in a helicopter with skid-typer landing gear is normally done by?

A

Bringing the A/C to a level altitude

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49
Q

A helicopter’s cyclic control is a mechanical linkage used to change the pitch of the main rotor blades?

A

At a selected point in it’s circular pathway

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50
Q

When the rotor blades of a helicopter are spinning fast enough in a clockwise direction to generate lift, what phenomenon causes the body of the helicopter to have a tendency to turn in a counterclockwise direction?

A

Autorotation

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51
Q

The differential in lift between that of the advancing rotor blade and that of the retreating rotor blade is called?

A

Dissymmetry of lift

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52
Q

Foot pedals in the helicopter give the pilot the ability to?

A

Control the torque effect

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53
Q

What does the cyclic control do?

A

Direction of tilt of the main rotor

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54
Q

Moving the cyclic forward and simnifically raising the collective will cause the helicopter to?

A

Increase it’s forward speed and begin to climb

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55
Q

Conventional American helicopters have a main rotor that?

A

Turns in a counterclockwise direction

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56
Q

Translational lift is?

A

The additional lift gained when the helicopter leaves it’s downwash

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57
Q

Gyroscopic precession happens when?

A

A force applied to a spinning disc has it’s effect 90 degrees later in the direction and plane of rotation

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58
Q

One useful tool for illustration of aerodynamic forces at work is a vector which is a?

A

Quantity with a magnitude and a direction

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59
Q

As a rotor system beings to turn, the blades start to rise from their drooping position due to?

A

Centrifugal force

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60
Q

Significant “coning” of the rotor disk can cause?

A

A decrease in lift due to a decrease in effective disk area

61
Q

In tandem rotor and coaxial helicopters?

A

The two rotor systems turn in opposite directions, canceling the torque effect

62
Q

Most American-built single-rotor helicopter turn the main rotor?

A

In a counterclockwise direction

63
Q

An increase in blade pitch through application of collective?

A

Generates the additional lift needed to hover

64
Q

“Ground effect” is ____________ rotor system efficiency due to interference of the airflow ____________?

A

Increased, when near the ground

65
Q

The collective pitch control is used to?

A

Make simultaneous changes to the pitch angle of the main rotor blades

66
Q

A twist grip throttle is usually mounted?

A

On the end of the collective lever

67
Q

With the anti-torque pedals in the neutral position, the tail rotor has a medium positive pitch angle, thereby?

A

Approximately equaling the torque of the main rotor

68
Q

Main rotor systems are classified as rigid, semirigid, or fully articulated according to?

A

How the main rotor blades are attached and move relative to the main rotor hub.

69
Q

The lift generated by an airfoil directly depends on what factors?

A
  • Airflow speed
  • Air density
  • Total area of the segment or airfoil
  • Angle of attack between the air and airfoil
70
Q

The angle between the chord line of a wing or airfoil and the direction of relative wind or airflow is called the?

A

Angle of attack

71
Q

When the pilot of a fixed-wing A/C pushes forward on the control stick, the elevators will

A

move downward

72
Q

Another form of the anti-torque system is the “fan-in-tail” system or fenestron?

A

Uses a series of rotating blades shrouded within a vertical tail

73
Q

What helicopters use specific engines because they are relatively simple and inexpensive to operate?

A

Training helicopters use reciprocating (piston) engines

74
Q

What does VFR stand for?

A

Visual Flight Rules (VFR)

75
Q

If a helicopter’s center of gravity (CG) is too far forward of the rotor must?

A
  • Have a nose-low attitude during hover.
  • Be unable to decelerate sufficiently to bring A/C to a stop.
  • Have excessive rearward cyclic displacement may be needed to maintain a hover when there is no wind.
76
Q

What is a disadvantage of a single main rotor helicopter?

A

The secondary rotor diverts power to counter torque, rather than being used for lift

77
Q

Thrust is created by what?

A

The engine(s) of a helicopter

78
Q

Which are some commonly used helicopter taxi maneuvers?

A
  • Air Taxi
  • Ground Taxi
  • Hover Taxi
79
Q

Angle of incidence is a mechanical angle between?

A

The chord line of the blade and the circular plane in which it rotates

80
Q

Blade flapping is used during takeoff to?

A

Counter dissymmetry of lift

81
Q

Airfoils are used to?

A

Regulate airflow

82
Q

Settling with power is also known as?

A

Vortex ring state

83
Q

By moving a cyclic, a pilot is able to?

A

Alter the pitch of main rotor blades

84
Q

What is the role of the engine?

A

Drives power upward through the mast to the rotor blades which are controlled by the pilot

85
Q

What direction does the main rotor rotate in US, UK & Germany helicopters?

A

Counter-clockwise

86
Q

What is the main advantage of a helicopter over an airplane?

A

Takeoff vertically

87
Q

What are some tasks helicopters perform?

A

Dropping cargo or troops into challenging conditions

88
Q

What is a disadvantage of single main rotor helicopters?

A

Some power is used for countering torque, rather than being used solely for lift

89
Q

What type of helicopter is the fastest and most powerful?

A

Tandem rotor helicopters

90
Q

What direction do coaxial rotor helicopter blades spin?

A

They rotate in opposite directions to each other

91
Q

What is an advantage of a coaxial rotor helicopter?

A

Reducing payload and allowing greater cargo and passenger capacity

92
Q

How is thrust generated?

A

By the helicopter engine(s)

93
Q

What is drag?

A

A force that acts against thrust

94
Q

What causes drag?

A

Shape and size of the aircraft disrupting the flow of air as it travels

95
Q

What is Form drag?

A

Increases as the speed of the helicopter increases

96
Q

What is Skin friction?

A

Microscopic roughness of the helicopter blades

97
Q

How does induced drag increase and decrease?

A
  • Increases by the A/C flying at lower speeds.

- Decreases when the A/C is flying at higher speeds.

98
Q

What is parasite drag?

A

Created by the A/C components that are external to the fuselage.

99
Q

What is total drag?

A

Sum total of profile, induced and parasite drag.

100
Q

What does the lowest total drag offer?

A
  • Maximum endurance
  • Best rate of climb
  • Minimum rate of descent in autorotation
101
Q

What is weight?

A

Force from combined mass of the A/C acted upon by gravity.

102
Q

What are some causes of weight of an A/C to increase?

A
  • Banking (curved flight path)

- Flying into unexpected gusts

103
Q

How does a pilot counteract an increase in weight while in flight?

A

Increase thrust

104
Q

What is lift?

A

Upward force created by spinning A/C blades allowing air to pass over them.

105
Q

What is angle of attack (AOA)?

A

Angle of the A/C blade’s direction of movement relative to the air.

106
Q

What happens when the AOA is favorable?

A

More lift is produced

107
Q

What happens when the AOA is not optimum?

A

More drag is introduced

108
Q

What is the angle of incidence?

A

Also known as blade pitch, intersection of the chord line with the plane of rotation.

109
Q

What is the Venturi Flow?

A

Amount of energy within a closed system that does not change form.

110
Q

What happens when a pilot moves the cyclic?

A

Alter the pitch of the main rotor blades which causes thrust in a certain direction.

111
Q

What A/C control is used to increase or decrease altitude or airspeed?

A

Collective

112
Q

What do anti-torque pedals do when pressed?

A

Adjust pitch of the tail rotor which alters the amount of thrust produced. Also changes the direction of the nose of the A/C.

113
Q

What happens when the pilot adjusts the throttle control?

A

Increase or decrease the amount of power generated by the engine resulting in sufficient lift for flight.

114
Q

What are the four basic flight maneuvers?

A
  • Straight and level flight
  • Truns
  • Climbs
  • Hovering
115
Q

When does hover taxiing occur?

A

25 feet or less above ground

116
Q

When does air taxiing occur?

A

100 feet or less and requires the pilot to avoid flying over people, vehicles and other aircrafts

117
Q

What Army A/C is four-bladed with a single main rotor?

A

Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawk

118
Q

When was the Sikorsky UH-60 Blackhawk introduced?

A

1979

119
Q

What Army A/C has twin engines and tandem rotors?

A

Boeing CH-47 Chinook

120
Q

When was the Boeing CH-47 Chinook introduced?

A

1962

121
Q

What is the top speed of the Boeing CH-47 Chinook?

A

196 mph

122
Q

What Army A/C is supported by a twin turboshaft?

A

Boeing AH-64 Apache

123
Q

When was the Boeing AH-64 Apache introduced?

A

1986

124
Q

What Army A/C has a single engine and single main rotor?

A

Belt OH-58 Kiowa

125
Q

When was the Belt OH-58 Kiowa introduced?

A

1969

126
Q

What points does a helicopter generate a maximum and minimum airflow velocity?

A 
Maximum = 3 o'clock position
Minimum = 9 o'clock position
127
Q

What is an airfoil?

A

Surface that contributes to airlift generation by regulating airflow over it’s upper and lower surface

128
Q

What is autorotation?

A

Situation in flight of an airborne helicopter. When air lift is generated by the air flowing across it’s blades.

129
Q

What does autorotation allow a pilot to do?

A

Land the A/C without crashing it

130
Q

What emergency procedure are pilots trained to use to avoid crashes?

A

Freewheeling feature for autorotation.

131
Q

What is TAF?

A

Total Aerodynamic Force

132
Q

How is blade flapping caused?

A

By greater airlift during hovering

133
Q

What is the definition of blade span?

A

Distance between tip of the blade and the drive shaft

134
Q

What is the definition of blade twist?

A

Design feature of a blade to distribute airlift evenly throughout the airfoil.

135
Q

What is dissymmetry of lift?

A

Occurs when the helicopter takes off because the difference in forces by advancing and retreating blades.

136
Q

What is In Ground Effect?

A

Airstream around the spinning rotor blades that provide extra lift when close to the ground.

137
Q

What is Settling with Power?

A

State of helicopter flight when it descends vertically downward at a rate of 5 fps and low forward speed.

138
Q

Thrust is transferred into motion via?

A

The mast and rotor(s)

139
Q

Parasite drag slows a helicopter by?

A

Opposing thrust

140
Q

How does banking impact weight?

A

Increases weight

141
Q

Lift gives a helicopter altitude by?

A

Overcoming weight

142
Q

The main tactical knowledge of a helicopter over an airplane is?

A

The ability to takeoff and land in places not possible for airplanes

143
Q

Tandem rotor helicopters do not require a tail rotor due to?

A

Countering torque

144
Q

The throttle is primarily used to?

A

Alter power generated by the engine

145
Q

Climbs and descents are achieved by?

A

Manipulating the nose direction

146
Q

Coaxial rotor helicopters feature?

A

Two sets of blades mounted on the same mast, counter rotating

147
Q

Angle of attack is influenced by?

A

A combination of pilot control and external factors

148
Q

Hovering occurs when?

A

Lift is equal to weight

SIFT Exam (3 decks)

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