Aviation Flashcards
What part of rotary wing aircraft makes direction control possible
Swashplate
Climb that produces the most altitude In given distance and is used to clear obstacles
Best angle of climb
Cyclic or control wheel is moved forward
Air speed increases and pitch changes
Causes rotary wing to drift laterally due to tail rotor thrust
Translating tendency
Rate of climb
Feet per minute (fpm)
Lateral axis controls
Pitch
Component that allows rotor blade to feather
Blade grip
Teeter hinge allows
Blades to flap
The rotor hub is
The center hub for rotor head components
Skids on rotary wing craft are used for
Landing
Pitch horn couples the
Blade cuff to pitch links
Absolute altitude is
Height above ground (agl)
When entering and exiting c class controlled air space
The ATC must aknowledgr the pilot by responding with the aircrafts call sign for communication to be considered established
If there is no increase in thrust which action would result in an ultimate stall
Increasing pitch
All up weight defined as total weight at any given minute
aGw or aug. this weight changes with gas and oil changes
Mlw aka
Maximum landing weight
Mrw
Max ramp weight
Mtow
Maximum take off weight
Oew
Operating empty weight
What type of turns require aileron pressure to return to level flight
Medium and steep turns
Aerodynamic principle describes unequal lifting forces of rotor system due to advancing and retreating blades
Dissymmetry of life
What flight control maintains the engine within optimal flight parameters
The throttle
Which statement is true about lag and trend information
Trend information displays real time movement of the aircraft
Unit measure of airspeed
Knots
Newton’s first law
An object at rest stays at rest. And object in motion stays in motion
Newton’s second law
F=ma
When a body is acted upon by a constant force, it’s resulting acceleration is inversely proportional to the mass of the body and directly proportional to the applied force
Newton’s third law
Two objects interact the force exerted by the first is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction of the second
Bernoulli principle
Faster moving air low pressure
Slower moving air high pressure
Angle of attack
Angle between the direction of the airflow against the wing and the chord.imaginary line from leading edge to trailing edge
Flaps are located
Fuselage to midpoint Of Wong
Spoilers
Extended upward to help reduce air speed
Parasite drag
Parasite on structure of aircraft including skin friction, low air pressure in tires any, rivets on plane
Profile drag
Produced by shape of plane.
Induced drag
Correx creates at back of wing where air flow meets. When lift, speed and AOA increase induced drag increases
Longitudinal axes
Roll
Lateral axis
Pitch
Ailerons control
Role
Elevators control
Pitch
Rudder controls
Yaw
Humidity and low air density reduce
Thrust, power and lift
Pressure altimeter is calibrated for
29.92 inches of mercury and is reset after leaving airfield to ensure correct pressure for destination airfield
Truss fuselage
Steel tubes welded together.
Monocoque structure
Thin aluminum curved to fit fuselage
Cantilever wings
No braces
Dihedral
Wings point up
Camber line
Amount of curvature of the wing. Fake line
4 types of wings
Rectangle - simplest and inefficient
Elliptical - most effective
Tapered - crows between first two. Better lift. Wide range of speed
Swept - reduce drag
Power plant includes
Engines,propeller, induction, exhaust, cooling, lubricants and fuel system
Thrust horsepower equation
Thp = thrust x speed / 375 PPh
Tail wheel system
Used when main landing gear is forward of center of gravity
Tandem landing gear
Has both main and tail portions mounted on longitude
Tricycle landing gear
Has main and nose gear for increased braking and higher speeds landings.
Tail wheel is preferred for
Non paved runways and helps support the aircrafts weight since the center of gravity is forward of the main landing gear.
Trim tabs
Secondary flight control. Help offset in desirable attitude and relieves pressure.
Trim tabs moved down elevators go up.
Primary flight controls
Ailerons, elevators and rudder
Secondary controls
Flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers and trim tabs
Joystick or control wheel control
Aircraft turning and nose ups or down
Shallow, medium and steep turn in degree
20
21-45
45+
Steep turn the pilot just
Use opposite pressure to return to normal flight
Normal or cruise climb
Manufacturers standard. Not at optimum performance
Best rate of climb Vy is
Most altitude using most power
Best angle of climb Vx
Most altitude over given distance. Get out of way of obstructions or buildings.
Partial power decent is
Preferred way do decent. 500 fpm
Decent at msa
Nose high controlled decent used to clear obstacles on short approach
Mast or shaft
Component that extends vertically from transmission up to main rotor hub.
Main rotor hub
Where all components of main rotor head are connected.
Blade grips
Allow feathering or change of blades angle of attack
Pitch horn or yoke
Perpendicular to blades. Receive info from pilot and changes feathering.
Stabilizer bar or flybar
Helps maintain a constant plane of rotation for rotor blades.
Teeter hinge or trunion
Connects mast to main rotor hub. Allows rotor hub and blades to flap up and down.
Swashplate
Used for directional control
Pitch links connect
Rotating swashplate and stabilizer bar or directly to pitch horn
Slow moving air below blades and fast moving air above blades creates lift is known as
Magnus effect
The air passing through the rotor blades when lift and thrust counteract weight and drag while hovering is called
Induced flow
Force is felt 90 degrees later in the plane of rotation due to
Gyroscopic precision
When helicopter Begins to accelerate the induced flow created by the lifting action of the rotor blades drops to nearly 0 in the front half of the rotor system and increases in the rear half.
Transverse flow effect
Translational lift
The vortices created at edge of rotor blades from air cycling through
Dissymmetry of lift
Unequal lifting forces on advancing and retreating blades. Fast air in right side. Slow air on left.
Dissymmetry of life cause craft to roll
Left
Cyclic control system controls
Pitch and roll.
When the pilot raises ————— the pitch angle of the blades increase simultaneously.
Pull up for level climb. Push down to descend.
Collective control
Air pressure decreases 1 inch of mercury every
1,000 feet
Three pointer altimeter
Long hand ten k
Shortest thousands
Medium hundreds
Counter drum altimeter
Digitally displayed. Set to ground atmosphere pressure like three pointer.
Encoding altimeter.
Converts altitude into a digital code before being relayed to ground.
Altitude actually displayed
Indicated altitude
Height of aircraft above mean sea level msl
True altitude
Height of craft above ground level agl
Absolute altitude
Pre calibrated altitude with standard atmosjpere level set at 29.92 hg
Pressure altitude
Airspeed indicator
Compares ambient (inside) pressure with ram (outride) pressure using pitot tubes and static ports to determine speed.
White arc low speed
Green arc normal speed
Red is never exceed speed
Airspeed shows on instruments
Indicated airspeed
Airspeed corrected for position error
Calibrated speed
Airspeed corrected for non stadard density
True airspeed
Turn and slip indicator is located
In the same housing as yaw. Includes turn indicator punters and slip indicator ball
More bank than needed and ball moves to inside of turn
Slipping turn
Centrifuged force isn’t greater than gravity on turn and ball moves to the outside
Skidding turn
Purpose if turn and slip indicator
To confirm pilot is making a coordinated turn
Non precision instrument runway
Small to medium size runway
Precision runway
Larger airports and has precision Approach radar.
Reils stands for
Runways end identification lights
Vasi
Visual approach slope inidocstor. Assist during visual landings.
What are the theee types of marked runways
Precision, non precision and visual
18,000 - 60,000 within 12 nautical miles off coast. All craft follow instrument flight rules.
Class a
Ground level to 10k feet surrounding busy airports. Pilots must be certified. ATC clearance required.
Class b
Ground level to 4K feet about airport.
No pilot certification required.
Clearance is required to enter or exit.
Two way radio and operable beacon transponder are required.
Class c
Ground to 2,5 k feet. Two way radio needed to notices to airmen (notam)
Class d
Any controlled airspace not a-d. Blue or magenta on charts. No specific pilot requirements.
Class e
I controlled air space with visibility requirement
Class g
Overtaking aircraft have the
Right of way
When the cyclic is push forward does it have an affect on the writer
No
Which part of the aircraft effects roll
Ailerons and spoilers
Which type of climb is made with the maximum power available
Best rate of climb
What type of helicopter design uses a ducted fan in place of a tail rotor to cancel torque affect
Notar
When an aircraft is approaching the land the leading and trailing edges of its flaps are extended to create the following forces
Maximum lift and high drag
When flying helicopter what response should be taken if the RPM is low and the manifold pressure is high
Lower the collective pitch
Increasing the throttle increases manifold pressure true or false
True
The cyclic does not affect manifold pressure true or false
True
If the ball on the turn and slip indicator is to the left or right which flight control will return it to the center
The foot pedals which control the rudder.
The theater hinge allows
The blades to flap
What allows for directional movement of the aircraft
Swashplate
If Magnetic north is a positive 15° variation from truenorth convert true North to magnetic north one flying eastbound what is the adjustment a pilot must make to the magnetic compass
15*
What direction will induced flow move during an auto rotation
Vertical
What item was developed to reduce compass reading errors
Vertical card compass
What defines unusable fuel
Fuel the cannot get to the engine. Cannot be drained from the tanks.
The altitude measured AGL is called
Absolute altitude
Newton’s law of universal gravitation
Every particle attractsEvery other part of all in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them
Fg = G (m1m2/d2)
Sitter two objects at a distance D apart. According to newtons law what happens to the force between the two objects distance is increased by a factor of four
The force decreases by 32
Manufacturers empty weight does not include
Baggage, passengers or useable fuel
Operating empty weight is
MEW plus weight if free, fluids, unusable fuel & equipment required for flight
When a helicopter moves out of its own downwash and realizes the benefit of horizontal airflow. Depending on the aircraft typically moving forward 16 to 24 kn
Effective translational lift
And forward flight airflow passing through the rear portion of the rotor disc has a greater down wash angle then airflow moving through the front portion. This causes unequal drag in the front and rear parts of the writer desk. This is known as
Transverse flow effect
The difference in lift between advancing and retreating rotor blades is known as
Dissymmetry of lift
Runway edge lights
White
Runway centerline lighting
Start white and red
Ground effect is
Reduce drag and increased lift from flying close to the ground
This occurs when an object moving in a rotating system experiences a force perpendicular to the direction of the motion and the axis of rotation
Coriolis effect
Effective translational lift creates
Improved efficiency that results from directional flight
