Aviation Flashcards
Force necessary to overcome gravitational force to keep the airplane flying is termed
Lift
Ailerons are used primarily to
Roll the airplane
Ailerons are located
On the outer edge of the wings
Pitch makes the airplane
Go up and down
Bank makes the airplane
Roll or turn
The four aerodynamic forces acting on an airplane are
Drag, lift, thrust and weight
An airplane wing is designed to produce lift resulting from relatively
Positive (High) air pressure below the wings surface and negative (Low) air pressure above the wings surface
Flight Instruments
Airspeed Indicator, Altimeter, Attitude Indicator, and Vertical Velocity Indicator
Engine instruments
Tachometer ammeter (battery)
Altimeter
Altitude in MSL
Attitude
False Horizon
Vertical Velocity
How many feet per minute climbing/diving
Tachometer
Engine RPMS
Ammeter
Batter Power
Forces acting on an aircraft in a steady flight condition (no chance in speed or flight path)
Lift equals weight thrust equals drag
A flashing green air traffic signal directed to an aircraft on the surface is a signal that the pilot
Is cleared to taxi
Steady red light signal from the tower to the aircraft approaching to land
Continue circling
Flashing red light signal from the tower to aircraft approaching to land
Airport is unsafe for landing
Propeller blades are curved on one side and flat on the other side to
Produce thrust
When in the down (extended) position wingflaps provide
Greater lift and more drag
What makes an airplane turn
Horizontal componenet of lift
What is one advantage of an airplane said to be inherently stable
Airplane will require less effort to control
If the elevator trim tabs on the airplane are lowered, the plane will tend to
Nose up
The pilot always advances the throttle during a
Climb
The pilot of an airplane can best detect the approach of a stall by the
Ineffectiveness of the ailerons and elevator
It is ordinarily desirable to provide an unusually long flight strip at municipal airports for the take-off of
Heavily loaded ships in still air
A closed runway is marked on an airfield diagram with
X X X
Over run is marked on an airfield diagram with
> > >
The rearward retarding force of airplane drag is opposed by
Thrust
Cowling is located
Around the engine
Airport taxiways are identified at night by omni directional edge lights in what color
Blue
If the aircraft ammeter is indicating a minus value, this means the
Generator or alternator output is inadequate
The angle formed by the chord of an airfoil and the direction of the relative wind is called the
Angle of attack
Aircraft Structure
Fuselage Wings (w/ ailerons and flaps) Empennage (tail) Landing Gear Power Plant
Empannage Parts
Fixed: Vertical stabilizer and horizontal stabilizer
Moveable: Rudder, elevator, trim tabs
Power Plant Parts
Engine Propeller
What does the cowling do
Helps cool the engine
Propeller creates
Thrust
What does the rudder do
Moves the airplane nose left and right
What does the elevator do
Moves airplane nose up and down
Atmospheric pressure
Weather changes help lift airplane, actuates some flight instruments
Air Density
Effects airplanes capability
Less dense air
reduces power, thrust and lift
Density
Increases with altitude
Increase temps
Decreases density
Newtons Laws of Motion 1
Body at rest remains at rest
Newtons Laws of Motion 2
Constant force creates acceleration proportional to mass
Newtons Laws of Motion 3
One body exerts force on another, 2nd exerts force equal to 1st but in opposite direction
Magnus Effect
Low pressure upward force
Axes of Flight
Pitch Roll Yaw
Pitch
Lateral Axis (thru wings) Nose and Tail up and down Elevators
Roll
Longitudinal Axis (thru body) Wings up and down Ailerons
Yaw
Vertical Axis (up and down) Wings side to side Rudder
Rudder
Push left pedal, rudder moves left, moves tail to right and nose to the left.
Secondary Flight Controls
Flaps, leading edge devices, spoilers and trim devices
Trim Systems
Relieve pilot of the need to maintain constant pressure on flight controls
Altimeter Purpose
One of most vital instruments in aircraft. Measures where aircraft is at in atmosphere presents as altitude.
Altimeter Hands
Short: 10,000’s feet
Middle: 1,000’s feet
Long: 100’s feet
Vertical Speed Indicator VSI or VVI
Indicates whether plane is climbing, descending or in level flight
Ex: rate of climb 500fpm
Airspeed Indicator
Pressure measured, different colored arcs.
White-Flap operating range
Yellow-Caution range
Red-Never exceed speed
Turn Indicators
Like a “level”, if ball is uncentered aerodynamic forces are unbalanced.
Attitude Indicator
Miniature airplane and horizon bar. Indicates attitude of airplane relative to the true horizon.
Heading Indicator (aka directional gyro)
Basically compass, not affected by flight.
Turn Indicator
If aileron and rudder mvmnts are coordinated during turn, ball remains centered.
Magnetic Compass
Sets gyroscopic heading indicator. 30 degrees appears as 3.
Basic Flight Maneuvers
Straight and Level Turns Climbs Descents
Rudder moves
airplanes nose left and right
Aileron moves
Airplane wing
Elevator control moves
airplane nose up and down
Flying by attitude
visually establishing airplanes attitude with reference to natural horizon
Trim
Used to relieve all possible control pressures held after desired altitude has been attained
Straight and level flight
Main maneuver Constant heading and altitude is maintained Wing tips even with horizon
Level Turns
All 4 primary ctrls used (ailerons, elevator, throttle and rudder)
3 Types Level Turns
Shallow 20 degrees
Medium 20-45 degrees
Steep 45+ degrees
Empannage (cabin)
not considered a major component of an aircraft structure
Moving the control wheel or stick to the right will cause the right aileron to
Rotate forward
If the control wheel or stick is moved forward
Airspeed will increase
Aircraft pitch will change
If the left rudder is pressed then the aircraft will
Yaw
Mach refers to
Speed of Sound
As the radius of a turn decreases the
positive g-forces are increased
As altitude increases in order to maintain the same amount of lift an aircraft must
fly faster
If a pilot is instructed to land on Rwy 27 using a straight approach, the heading should be
270 degrees
When flaps are extended
Drag and lift increase
Which two flight controls are used to control the rate of a turn
Elevator and ailerons
An aircraft on a heading of 325 is flying
Northwest
Under normal VFR conditions how much of a pilots attention should be focused on cockpit instruments
10%
Large yellow X’s painted on the end of the runway indicate
closed runway
The axis which extends lengthwise thru the fuselage from the nose to tail is
longitudinal axis
The transponder code which indicates an in-flight emergency is
7700
The ctrl system used primarily to relive the pilot from having to maintain constant pressure on the flight controls is the
Trim
Drag (during climb) requires increase in thrust.
Need sufficient thrust to continue climb
Climb Types
Normal Best rate of climb (Vy) Best angle of climb (Vx)
An aircraft instructed to land on Rwy 23L would establish an approach heading of
230 degrees
The four aerodynamic forces acting on an airplane are
Drag, lift, thrust, weight
Moving the control stick to the right or left affects which aircraft controls
ailerons
The tachometer
is not a flight instrument
Flaps are generally used
during takeoff during landings
A flashing green air traffic control signal directed to an aircraft on the surface is a signal that the pilot
is cleared to taxi
In creating lift
the air moving over the wing moves faster than the air moving under the wing
The propeller blades are curved on one side and flat on the other to
produce thrust
On the ground, an aircraft is steered by
pushing the rudder peddles
Depressing the left rudder pedal would move the tail of the aircraft
right
An aircraft on a heading of 300 degrees is heading
Northwest
Supersonic means
Faster than the speed of sound
What is the standard weight for gasoline used in aircraft
6lbs/gal
The pilot of an airplane can best detect the approach of a stall by the
ineffectiveness of the ailerons and elevator
What makes an airplane turn
horizontal component of lift
Larger aircraft generally tend to
land on longer runways
For runway 23L, what does the L indicate
L stands for the left-hand runway at airports with two runways aligned in the same direction
Tachometer
indicates the speed at which the engine crankshaft is rotating.
Not a flight instrument!
Flaps
Increase lift and drag.
Compass headings
360 North 90 East 180 South 270 West
Northwest Heading
Falls between 270 and 360 degrees
When entering a climb from level flight, the weight of the acft
results in increased drag
Turbulence is caused by
convective air currents, obstructions to wind flow, wind shear
A minimally safe airspeed descent is principally used
when clearing obstacles during landing
When in the down (extended) position, wing-flaps provide
greater lift and more drag
An aircraft must travel __________ at 10,000ft than at 1,000ft
faster
Are flaps a primary flight control
No
When a flt is identified as “heavy” it means
more than 250,000 pounds of gross weight
What does the term yaw mean
directional turning from the tail section
The IFF on a military aircraft
indicates whether an aircraft is an enemy or ally
The line on an airspeed indicator to warn that operating above the indicated level is danderous is colored
red
When taking off into a headwind, the result will be
shorter takeoff distance and increased climb angle
If the elevator tabs on a plane are lowered, the plane will tend to
nose up
If one end of a rwy is number 27, what will the other end be
09
Flaps are generally used
during takeoff and landing
Air moving over the wing
moves faster than the air moving under the wing
What is the standard wight for gasoline in the acft
6lbs/gal
When in the down position, wing flaps provide
Increased lift and increased drag.
Municipal airports often provide at least one extended or unusually long runway to facilitate the take off of
Heavily loaded aircraft in calm conditions.
The small hinged section on the elevator of most airplanes is known as the
Trim tab.
The rearward retarding force on the airplane known as drag is opposed by
Thrust
At night, airport taxiways are identified by omnidirectional edge lights that are ______ in color
Blue
A runway with the Approach Lighting System (ALS) would show an incoming pilot
A series of lightbars and/or strobe lights extending outward from the runway approach end.
The thrust of a turbojet is developed by compressing air in the inlet and compressor, mixing the air with fuel and burning it in the combustor, and
Expanding the gas stream through the turbine and nozzle.
A ramjet engine consists of
An inlet, a combustion zone, and a nozzle.
The four forces that act on an aircraft in flight are
Lift, gravity, thrust, and drag.
For a fixed-wing aircraft, lift is generated _______ to the direction of flight.
Perpendicular
The angle formed by the chord of an airfoil or wing and the direction of the relative wind is known as the
Angle of attack
Pitot tubes furnish data to an instrument that is used by aircraft pilots in about the same way that a(n) _____ is used by an automobile driver.
Speedometer
The part of an airplane that holds the cargo and/or passengers, as well as providing a base for the other aircraft parts, is known as the
Fuselage
On a conventional fixed-wing aircraft, the _____ maintain(s) pitch and the _____ maintain(s) yaw.
Horizontal stabilizers, vertical stabilizer
_____ are additional hinged rear sections mounted to the wing near the body that are deployed downward on takeoff and landing to increase the amount of force produced by the wing.
Flaps
Which one of the following does not affect density altitude?
Wind velocity
The degree of movement of an aircraft around its longitudinal axis is known as
Bank
The Venturi theory of lift says that faster airflow over the curved upper portion of a wing surface causes
Decreased pressure according to Bernoulli’s equation.
The maneuver in which a rotary-wing aircraft is maintained in nearly motionless flight over a ground reference point at a constant altitude and heading is known as
Hovering
The ratio of the speed of an aircraft to the speed of sound in the air around it is the aircraft’s
Mach number
In a level turn, the acceleration experienced by the aircraft and its pilot in the direction perpendicular to the wing is solely determined by the
Bank angle
The flight envelope of an aircraft is
The region of altitude and airspeed in which it can be operated.
The locus of points equidistant from the upper and lower surfaces of an airfoil is called the
Mean camber line
The straight line joining the ends of the mean camber line is called the
Wing chord
A(n) _____ is the point at which the airflow over the wings ceases to be a smooth (laminar) flow and the wing starts to lose lift.
Aerodynamic stall
The two basic types of drag are
Parasitic and induced
An airfoil’s efficiency, either a wing or a rotor blade, is _____ at high altitudes by the _____ air density.
Decreased, lesser
The degree of movement of an aircraft around is lateral axis is known as
Pitch
When the flaps are extended, the camber of the wing is
Increased
A helicopter’s cyclic control is a mechanical linkage used to change the pitch of the main rotor blades
At a selected point in its circular pathway
When the rotor blades of a helicopter are spinning fast enough in a clockwise direction to generate lift, a phenomenon known as _____ causes the body of the helicopter to have a tendency to turn in a counter-clockwise direction.
Torque
Pulling back on the control column or joystick of a fixed-wing aircraft will cause the aircraft to
Pitch up
Contra-rotating propellers, a complex way of applying the maximum power of a single piston or turboprop aircraft engine, uses two propeller
Rotating in opposite directions arranged one behind the other
The abbreviation VTOL, applied to aircraft other than helicopters, means
Vertical Take-Off and Landing
Delta wing aircraft have a wing in the form of a triangle, named after the Greek uppercase letter delta, and no
Horizontal Stabilizer
The Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI) is a system of lights designed to provide visual descent guidance information to the pilot during a runway approach. The system uses _____ lights to indicate the upper limits of the glide path and _____ lights for the lower limits.
Red, white
A biplane has
Two wings arranged one above the other.
A coordinated turn (change of heading direction) includes both _____ of the airplane.
Roll and yaw
_____ is induced by use of a movable rudder controlled by _____ in the cockpit.
Yaw, rudder pedals
Moving the control column or joystick to the left or right affects the _____ rather than indicating the
Rate of roll, angle to which the aircraft will roll.
Which one of the following is NOT a flight instrument?
Tachometer
A flashing green ATC signal directed to an aircraft on the surface is a signal that the pilot
Is cleared to taxi.
What is the difference between a steady red and a flashing red light signal from the tower to an aircraft approaching to land?
A steady red light signals to continue circling and a flashing light signals that the airport is unsafe for landing.
The propeller blades are curved on one side and flat on the other side to
Produce thrust.
What makes an airplane turn?
Horizontal component of lift.
If the elevator trim tabs on a plane are lowered, the lane will tend to
Nose up
The pilot of an airplane can best detect the approach of a stall by the
Ineffectiveness of the ailerons and elevator.
What do “X’s” on an airport diagram represent?
Closed runway
What is the propeller rotated by
the engine
What is the elevator trim tab
a small auxiliary control surface hinged at the trailing edge of the elevators
How does the elevator trim tab work
the elevator trim tab acts on the elevators which in turn act upon the entire plane
The thrust required to maintain straight and level flight at a given airspeed is not sufficient to maintain the same airspeed in climb. True or false?
True
What happens when speed is reduced
the “live” resistance to pressures on the controls becomes less
When can the pilot best detect the approach of a stall?
when all controls can be moved with almost no resistance and little effect on the airplane
True or false? Heavily loaded ships require a shorter ground roll and less space to develop the minimum lift necessary for takeoff.
False: Heavy ships require longer ground roll and more space
Why is it desirable for municipal airports to provide an unusually long flight strip
for heavily loaded ships in still air
What is an aileron
a hinged surface in the trailing (outer) edge of an airplane wing used to control lateral balance (roll)
