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Animal Tech V - Exotic Pets > Avian Medicine > Flashcards

Avian Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

Class for birds

A

Aves

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2
Q

2 commonly kept pet birds

A
  1. Psittaciformes

2. Passeriformes

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3
Q

Parrots, parakeets, conures, cockatiels, cockatoos, and macaws are from the class

A

Psittaformes (Psittacines)

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4
Q

Finches, sparrows, crows, canaries, and other perching birds/songbirds are from the class

A

Passeriformes (Songbirds)

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5
Q

Ducks, geese, swans are all in the class

A

Anseriformes (Waterfowl)

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6
Q

Cranes, herons, flamingos, and storks are from the class

A

Ciconiformes (Waterbirds)

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7
Q

Diurnal birds of prey such as falcons, eagles, and hawks are in the class

A

Falconiformes (Raptors)

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8
Q

Chickens, turkey, grouse, quail, and pheasants are in the class

A

Galliformes (Fowl)

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9
Q

Most numerous class of birds

A

Passeriformes

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10
Q

Class that is not easily handled

A

Passerines

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11
Q

Class that is easily handled

A

Anseriformes

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12
Q

Birds have anatomical adaptations for 2 things

A
  1. flying

2. egg laying

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13
Q

All birds are ____________ which means they lay eggs

A

oviparous

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14
Q

Bird feathers are made of

A

keratin

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15
Q

Very large feathers that originate from the carpus and metacarpus and pygostyle

A

Primaries

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16
Q

Large feathers that originate from the radius and ulna

A

Secondaries

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17
Q

Feathers that are over the body

A

contour

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18
Q

Feathers that produce powder to clean and insulate

A

Down

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19
Q

Feathers used for insulation/courtship

A

semiplume

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20
Q

Feathers used for sensory/tactile roles

A

Filoplume

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21
Q

Feathers used for sensory roles

A

Bristle

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22
Q

Feathered tracts

A

Pterylae

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23
Q

Featherless tracts

A

Apterylae

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24
Q

Common body cavity of birds

A

ceolum

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25
Q

Bases of flight feathers are covered with smaller contour feathers
Also cover the ears

A

Coverts

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26
Q

Wing web

Area used for SQ inj

A

patagium

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27
Q

Size sutures to use on avian pts

A

40 or 50

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28
Q

Oil gland at the base of the tail

A

Uropygial gland

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29
Q

How much of a bird’s mass is their bones?

A

5%

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30
Q

Many bones are ____________ to simplify the number and makes them lighter for flight

A

fused

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31
Q

Some proximal bones are ______________

A

pneumatic

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32
Q

Bones that communicate with the respiratory system

A

pneumatic

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33
Q

A long sternum which provides attachment of pectorals

A

Keel

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34
Q

Preferred muscle for IM inj

A

pectorals

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35
Q

Humerus and femur are conisdered

A

pneumatic bones

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36
Q

What happens if you place an IO catheter in a pneumatic bone?

A

They will drown

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37
Q

How many chambers does a bird’s heart have?

A

4

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38
Q

Shunting of blood from the caudal half of the animal to the kidneys prior to reaching the liver and heart

A

Renal Portal System

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39
Q

____________ movements allow breathing without __________________

A

sternal, diaphragm

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40
Q

Useful test on birds because it would be increased in the blood with kidney failure
Nitrogenous waste

A

Uric acid

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41
Q

Ureters empty into what structure?

A

Cloaca

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42
Q

Common emptying chamber for repro, GI, and urinary systems

A

Cloaca

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43
Q

Unlike dogs, a bird’s vision is

A

in color

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44
Q

Comprised of voluntary striated muscle and birds can dilate and constrict at will

A

Iris

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45
Q

How many air sacs do birds have?

A

9

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46
Q

This sense is similar to mammals

A

Hearing

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47
Q

Sound producing structure just cranial to tracheal bifurcation

A

Syrinx

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48
Q

A V-shaped opening on the roof of the mouth lined with papillae which communicates with the nasal passageways

A

Choanal slit

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49
Q

To detect upper respiratory pathogens, where should you swab for cultures?

A

Choanal slit

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50
Q

Stores food and has peristaltic waves 1/min

A

crop

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51
Q

The true glandular stomach

A

Proventriculus

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52
Q

Gizzard, muscular stomach

A

Ventriculus

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53
Q

Divided into two sections and greatly expanded for the crop

A

Esophagus

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54
Q

Feces of parrots contain __________ __ organisms

A

gram +

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55
Q

Test that helps reveal the presence of GI pathogens

A

cloacal culture

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56
Q

Birds regurgitate these which include indigestible materials formes in the gizzard

A

pellets

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57
Q

Droppings are AKA

A

mutes

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58
Q

Urates in mutes are

A

white

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59
Q

Feces in mutes are

A

dark

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60
Q

Urine is

A

clear

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61
Q

Males have two intraceolomic ___________

A

testicles

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62
Q

Male genes

A

ZZ

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63
Q

Only used to transport semen, not urine

A

Phallus

64
Q

Which ovary is functional in females?

A

Left

65
Q

The number of eggs a female lays and incubates

A

Clutch

66
Q

Replace mammalian neutrophils

A

Heterophils

67
Q

What do avian RBCs look like?

A

Oval and nucleated

68
Q

Birds do not have platelets, they only have

A

thrombocytes

69
Q

Which color tube should you collect bird blood in to preserve cell integrity?

A

Green (Heparin)

70
Q

Bird blood looks similar to

A

reptilian blood

71
Q

These type of diets provide POOR nutrition

A

Seed

72
Q

Overall health has been improved with the introduction of

A

pelleted foods

73
Q

When feeding via a tube/gavage, the tube should be placed

A

Over the tongue, to the right side of the mouth

74
Q

The esophagus is locted to the ___________ of the trachea

A

right

75
Q

When restraining a bird, you should never restrict this movement

A

sternal

76
Q

When restraining waterbirds, what type of PPE should you wear?

A

Eye protection

77
Q

When restraining raptors, what should you secure since they rarely bite?

A

Talons

78
Q

What should you be wary of when restraining roosters?

A

Spurs

79
Q

Of all domestic fowl, which poses the least threat?

A

Ducks

80
Q

___________ rarely bite but may is talons are restrained

A

Owls

81
Q

This could be indicative the bird does not feel secure

A

Flapping wings

82
Q

A useful restraint tool that can be used on medium-large birds

A

Bird Board

83
Q

Which vein should you use to assess a bird’s hydration status?

A

Basilic vein

84
Q

VRT

used to assess hydration status

A

Vein Refill time

85
Q

Inhalant of choice to use for anesthesia

A

Isoflurane

86
Q

2 ways to assess depth of anesthesia

A
  1. RR

2. depth

87
Q

This type of intubation is possible

A

air sac

88
Q

Method for delivering anesthetic gases

A

mask induction

89
Q

What sort of tube should you use for intubation?

A

Uncuffed

90
Q

Small birds should never go without food for longer than

A

3 hrs

91
Q

It’s not recommended to do this before gas anesthesia unless when the crop is emptied

A

Fasting

92
Q

2 common surgical procedures

A
  1. Crop evaluation/biopsy

2. Eggbinding

93
Q

Performed to restrict flight and reduce the chance of injury and escape
SYMMETRY IS IMPORTANT

A

Wing clip

94
Q

Feathers you should never clip because they are immature and vascular

A

Blood feathers

95
Q

What should you leave on either side of a blood feather when doing a wing clip?

A

Guard feathers

96
Q

If a blood feather is damaged, it should be removed how?

A

Plucking

97
Q

When restraining for a wing trim, where should you grasp?

A

Carpal joint

98
Q

What type of tool is used for beak and nail trims

A

Dremel

99
Q

Performed to dx crop infx

A

Crop wash

100
Q

Performed to dx infx of upper respiratory tract

A

choanal culture

101
Q

Performed to dx infex of lower GI tract

A

Cloacal swab

102
Q

Best yield for phlebotomy

Easy to visualize in the apterylae

A

Right jugular

103
Q

What size syringe and needle should be used for blood draws?

A

1ml or 3ml

22-25 ga

104
Q

Vein located on the medial surface of proximal ulna

A

Cutaneous ulnar

105
Q

Vein located on the medial side of the tibiotarsus

A

Medial metatarsal

106
Q

Safe amount of blood that can be safely collected

A

1%

107
Q

Total blood volume of a bird is ___% of their total body weight

A

10

108
Q

Easiest way for an owner to give meds to a bird is

A

liquid oral

109
Q

What 2 bones should you utilize for IO catheterization

A
  1. ulna

2. tibiotarsus

110
Q

What size cage should owners purchase for their birds?

A

Largest cage possible so they can stretch their wings

111
Q

2 common metal toxicities

A
  1. Lead

2. Zinc

112
Q

Perches should vary in

A

diameter

113
Q

Good substrate for caging

A

newspaper

114
Q

You should avoid these in bird’s cages because of lead poisoning and causes hormonal release

A

Mirrors

115
Q

Where should a bird’s cage be located?

A

Where you spend a lot of time with it

116
Q

2 rooms of the house a bird should not be placed

A
  1. bedroom

2. kitchen

117
Q

How many hours of sleep do birds need?

A

10-12

118
Q

Bathing, playing on cage bottom, preening, molting, sleeping on one foot, regurgitation, flashing eye movements, and shivering are all considered ______________ behaviors

A

normal

119
Q

Feather destruction, sitting on the cage bottom, fluffed feathers accompanied with shivering, regurg and vomiting, mean bird turned friendly, decreased or no fecal production, open mouth breathing, tail bobbing, falling off perch when awake, and abnormal molting are all considered __________________ behaviors

A

abnormal

120
Q

Not very common in avian medicine: Fractures, dislocations, bite wounds, ceiling fan injuries, bumblefoot

A

Trauma

121
Q

Due to stress and boredom when bird has normal head feathers, but body is sparsely feathered
Can be socially contagious and become an addiction

A

Feather Plucking Syndrome

122
Q

Dystocia in birds
Failure of an egg to pass through the oviduct at a normal rate due to oviduct fatigue from low Ca levels
Obesity may be a factor or eggs are too large

A

Egg binding

123
Q

This can deplete the body of Ca

A

Excessive egg laying

124
Q

May be a courtship behavior in young males

A

Regurgitation

125
Q

Lead poisoning, foreign bodies, and crop stasis could be identified from excessive

A

regurgitation or vomiting

126
Q

2 Heavy metal toxins

A
  1. Zinc

2. Lead

127
Q

Non-stick cookware toxicosis occurs from using

A

teflon cookware

128
Q

Some colognes, perfumes, air fresheners, and plants may be

A

toxic

129
Q

These can be toxic when they are shelled due to aflatoxins

A

Peanuts

130
Q

A veggie that is toxic to most animals due to a certain enzyme it contains

A

avacado

131
Q

Occurs from feeding an all seed diet

Choanal papillae become blunted, erosions develop on feet, and poor feather and skin health

A

Hypovitaminosis A

132
Q

What kind of veggies are high in Vitamin A?

A

Dark yellow

133
Q

Birds are often presented with seizures from diets low in Ca

A

Hypocalcemia

134
Q

What breed of birds are predisposed to Hypocalcemia?

A

African Greys

135
Q

Caused by gruel that is too hot

Many birds will need surgery

A

Crop burns

136
Q

Haemochromatosis is AKA

Inherited metabolic deficiency

A

Iron Storage dz

137
Q

Uric acid deposition around the joints, pericardial sac, and viscera

A

Gout

138
Q

Pododermatitis is AKA

Can be caused by perches not varying in diameter and poor husbandry

A

bumblefoot

139
Q

Bumblefoot is seen with ___________ birds

A

obese

140
Q

A zoonotic dz that causes flu-like symptoms in humans, reportable dz caused by a bacterial-like microbe
Some birds may be carriers
No vax, euthanasia or tetracycline as tx

A

Chlamydiosis

141
Q

Common infectious dz caused by Mycobacterium avium and shows c/s such as: liver dz, wt. loss, and GI tumors
Zoonotic
Dx: acid fast test or biopsy
Tx: long term abx

A

Avian Tuberculosis

142
Q

AKA air sacculitis

A

pneumonia

143
Q

Viral infection caused by papoavirus that causes papillomas to form in the digestive system
Oropharynx and cloaca is most common location
Tx: removal of warts, but can reoccur if removed
Herpes type of virus

A

Avian Papillomatosis

144
Q

Viral infection - H5N1
60% mortality in humans
AKA orthomyxovirus

A

Avian influenza

145
Q

Many strains of this virus exist and forms lesions around eyes, beak, and feet
Not zoonotic, host specific

A

Avian pox

146
Q

Most commonly seen pox transmitted via the mosquito, mites, or through broken skin

A

Canary pox

147
Q

A Herpes virus of unknown action that causes sudden death

Conures are carriers

A

Pacheco’s Dz

148
Q

Caused by a polyomavirus that affects birds 2-14 wks of age

Vax available and effective

A

Budgie Fledgling Dz

149
Q

Circovirus shed in feces, feather dander, and bodily secretions where feathers and beak grow in twisted

A

Psittacine Beak and Feather Dz (PBFD)

150
Q

Fungal infx that can be caused from ingesting moldy food

A

Aspergillosis

151
Q

Contagious and fatal viral dz affecting all species of birds and affects various body systems
Especially alarming for poultry industry

A

Exotic Newcastle Dz (END)

152
Q

Caused by the Flaviviridae family
Mainly infects crows, jays, raptors, and horses. Poultry are resistant
Spread by mosquitos and causes neurological CS and death

A

West Nile Virus

153
Q

Fungal inf caused by Candida albicans
WHITE lesions in the oral cavity, esophagus, and crop along with regurg and delayed crop emptying
Common in pigeons, raptors, and parrots and young or immunosuppressed birds

A

Candidiasis

154
Q

Caused by Polyoma virus that paralyzes the nerves in the proventricular stomach and causes the bird to not digest food
AKA Macaw Wasting Syndrome

A

Proventricular Dilation Dz

155
Q

Knemidokoptes pilae is AKA
Causes pitting and scaling of beak and skin as well as legs and feet in some species
Dx: skin scrape
Tx: topical ivermectin

A

Scaly leg and face mite

156
Q

These are rare in indoor/captive birds

A

Parasites

Animal Tech V - Exotic Pets (4 decks)

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