Avian & Exotic Medicine Exam I Flashcards
What are the waste products of the aquarium nitrogen cycle?
_____ convert ammonia to nitrites. ____ convert nitrites to nitrates.
_____ bacteria convert ammonia to nitrites.
____ bacteria convert nitrites to nitrates.
____ have a lower toxicity and is safer for fish. Excess ____ removed via partial water changes.
Briefly describe the nitrogen cycle in an aquarium with a closed system.
Describe the basic anatomy of teleosts.
Describe the use of tricaine methane sulfonate as a general anesthesia drug used in aquatic medicine.
What are the indications for an exploratory laparotomy in fish?
What are the different diagnostic sampling options we have for aquatic species?
What are the different venipuncture locations for teleosts?
What is this?
What are some different pathologies you may find in gill specimen biopsies?
Damage to gill filaments can be caused by ____.
List some examples of fish diseases. Which are zoonotic?
What is Ichthyophthirius multfiliis “inch”? Draw out the lifecycle.
Describe a comprehensive treatment plan for Ich.
Name the causative agent for whirling disease. Describe the life cycle.
What is the treatment for whirling disease?
What are the zoonotic parasites of concern when consuming raw fish?
Describe the life cycle of anisakis.
What is the treatment plan for anisakis?
How do we prevent anisakis?
What is the scientific name of the Chinese liver fluke? Describe the life cycle.
What are the clinical signs of liver fluke in humans?
How do we diagnose and treat Chinese liver fluke?
Describe the etiological agent and life cycle of fish tapeworm.
How do we diagnose and treat fish tapeworms?
____ is an elasmobranch subgroup that includes sharks.
____ is an elasmobranch subgroup that includes skates and rays.
Elasmobranch ancestors dates back to early ___ period of geological time.
There are approximately ___ species of sharks and ____ species of teleosts.
What are the differences between rays and skates?
Describe the basic anatomy of the skate and ray.
Identify the dorsal anatomy of the skate.
Identify the ventral anatomy of the skate.
Describe the key external anatomical features of the shark.
Describe the skeletal system of the shark.
Describe the key internal anatomical features of the shark.
Describe the cardiac anatomy of the shark.
Describe the flow of the shark cardiopulmonary system.
What are the different venipuncture sites in the shark?
Briefly describe the shark respiratory system.
Do sharks have a skull?
List the different cranial nerves in the shark.
How do sharks see?
How do sharks hear?
Describe a shark’s sense of touch.
How do sharks smell?
Describe how sharks sense electroreception.
Describe the courting and mating behavior of sharks.
What are the different shark reproduction/gestation strategies?
Describe viviparity as a shark gestation strategy.
Describe oviviparity as a shark gestation strategy.
Describe oviviparity (aplacental viviparity) as a shark gestation strategy.
What is oviphagous?
List and describe some of the different pathological bacterial infections found in sharks.
What is the etiological agent in bonnet head shark disease? What are the clinical signs?
How do we diagnose and treat bonnethead shark disease? What is the prognosis?
Briefly describe the Chelonia group.
Describe how Chelonians are ecothermic.
What are some of the consequences to a low temp?
Describe the scute of Chelonians.
Describe the hatchlings of Chelonians.
Scutes are not synonymous with ____. ___ do not have fused bones like other Chelonians.
Describe some characteristics of the chelonian shell.
Chelonians are also ____ which means they have a beak with no teeth.
Describe the different glands of chelonian species.
Describe the ear anatomy of chelonian species.
Describe the GIT of chelonian species.
Describe the reproductive tract of chelonian species.
Describe the urinary tract of chelonian species.
Describe the cardiovascular system of chelonian species.
Describe the pulmonary system of chelonian species.
How can we sex turtles?
Describe temperature dependent sex as it relates to turtle species.
What should you be assessing during your physical exam of turtles?
What are the different venipuncture sites of chelonian species?
Describe the role of hematology of chelonian species.
Describe the use of PCR with chelonian species.
Describe the use of diagnostic imaging with chelonian species.
Describe the prevalence of metabolic bone diseases in chelonian species.
What is SNHP?
What are the clinical signs of SNHP?
Describe the use of radiography to diagnose SNHP.
Describe the use of a biochemistry to diagnose SNHP.
What is the treatment for SNHP?
Describe the prevalence and pathophysiology of vitamin A deficiencies in turtles.
Describe the clinical signs, complications, and treatment of vitamin A deficiencies in turtles.
Describe the prevalence and etiology of aura abscesses in turtles.
Describe the clinical signs and treatment for aural abscesses in turtles.
What is the most common cause of aural abscesses in wild box turtles?
Describe the pathophysiology, clinical signs, and treatment for vitamin A toxicity in the turtle.
What are the causes of gout in the turtle? Describe the pathology.
What are the clinical signs of gout in the turtle?
How do we diagnose and treat gout in the turtle?
Describe the prevalence and etiology of urolithiasis in turtles.
Describe the clinical signs and treatment of urolithiasis in the turtle.
What are some common toxicities we find in the turtle?
A cloacal prolapse is possible in turtle species. What structures might prolapse?
What is the treatment for a cloacal prolapse?
What are some common traumas we see in turtle species? What are the clinical signs?
Describe the treatment approach for shell trauma in the turtle.
Describe ticks as a parasitic species of turtles.
Describe leeches as a parasitic species of turtles.
Describe protozoan spp. as a parasitic species of turtles.
Describe the prevalence, pathology, and clinical signs of ameobiasis in the turtle.
Describe the different life cycle stages of entamoeba.
How do we diagnose and treat entamoeba in the turtle?
Describe the prevalence, pathology, and clinical signs of intranuclear coccidiosis in turtle species.
How do we diagnose and treat intranuclear coccidiosis in turtle spp?
Describe nematodes/trematodes as a parasitic species of turtles.
Describe the prevalence of bacterial diseases in turtle species.
Describe salmonella as a bacterial diseases of turtle species.
Describe the etiological agent and clinical signs of mycoplasmosis in turtle species.
How do we diagnose mycoplasmosis in turtle species?
How do we treat mycoplasmosis in turtle species?
Describe the pathophysiology of mycoplasmosis in turtle species.
Describe the predisposing factors, diagnoses and treatment of mycotic diseases in turtle species.
What viral diseases do we see in turtles?
Describe herpesvirus in turtle spp.
Describe ranavirus in turtle spp.
What are the different drugs we can use for pain management in Chelonians?
Describe some of the differences specific to chelonian anesthesia.
What are some of the preferred anesthetics we use in chelonian species?
Describe anesthetic recovery in chelonian species.
List some common surgeries preformed on chelonian species.
What are some major anatomical differences in snakes?
Describe the cardiopulmonary anatomy of snakes.
Describe the urinary anatomy of snakes.
Describe the renal portal system in snakes.
Describe the genital anatomy of snakes.
How can we determine the gender of a snake?
Describe the integumentary anatomy of snakes.
What are the basic husbandry considerations for snakes?
How can you manually restrain a snake?
What should be assessed in your thorough systematic physical exam of a snake?
How do we BCS snakes?
What should be included in your oral exam of a snake?
What should be included in your eye exam of a snake?
What should be included in your exam of a snake’s nostrils, ears, head symmetry, and skin?
What are you assessing for during your coelomic palpation of a snake?
Describe standard blood drawing locations and processing for snake species.
Describe the use of radiology as a diagnostic tool used on snakes.
What anatomy lives in the cranial 1/2 of the snake?
What anatomy lives in the middle 1/3 of the snake?
What anatomy lives in the caudal 1/3 of the snake?
Describe the use of an ultrasound as a diagnostic tool used on snakes.
What are some of the consequences of a low temperature for snakes?
Describe the prevalence, causes, clinical signs, and treatment of burns in snakes.
What are some causes of vomiting and regurgitation in the snake?
What are some causes of dysecdysis?
How do we treat dysecdysis?
Describe ticks as an external parasites of snakes.
Describe mites as an external parasites of snakes.
How do we test for endoparasites in snakes?
Describe the causative agent and life stage cycles of ameobiasis in snakes.
What are the clinical and pathological signs of ameobiasis in snakes?
How do we diagnose, treat, and prevent ameobiasis in snakes?
Describe the etiological agent of cryptosporidiosis in the snake. What are the clinical signs?
How do we diagnose cryptosporidiosis in the snake?
Describe the pathology, treatment, and prevention of crypto in snakes.
Describe nematodes and cestodes as an internal parasites in snake spp.
Describe pentastomes as an internal parasites of snakes.
What are some prey item parasites that may be found in snakes?
What are some potential pseudo parasites found in snakes?
Describe the prevalence of bacterial diseases in snakes.
Describe salmonella as a bacterial disease of snakes.
Describe the prevalence, diagnosis, and treatment of fungal diseases in snakes.
Describe the prevelence, clinical signs, diagnoses, transmission, and treatment of inclusion body diseases in boids.
Why is analgesia in snakes so complicated?
What is the preferred analgesic agent used in snakes?
What is the preferred injectable anesthetic agent used in snakes?
What is the preferred inhalant anesthetic agent used in snakes?
Describe anesthetic recovery in the snake.
Describe the approach and closure for a coelotomy in the snake.
What are marsupials?
Describe the unique characteristics of male reproductive marsupial anatomy.
Describe the unique characteristics of female reproductive marsupial anatomy.
Describe the unique characteristics of partituant/development in the marsupial.
Describe the unique anatomical positioning of the marsupial male reproductive organs.
Describe the unique anatomical positioning of the marsupial female reproductive organs.
What are the 3 life stages of marsupial offspring?
Describe the unique characteristics of marsupial fetus.
Describe the skeletal adaptations of the marsupial.
Describe some of the unique characteristics of Virginia opossums.
Describe the unique anatomy of the sugar glider.
Describe the reproduction of the sugar glider.
What is a standard diet for a sugar glider?
What are the normal physiological parameters for sugar gliders? (life span, gliding distance, sexual maturity, gestation, litter size)
Describe the unique physiology of sugar gliders.
What are the habitat requirements for sugar gliders?
How do we manually restrain sugar gliders?
What are the different venipuncture sites in a sugar glider? How much blood should be collected?
Describe fluid therapy in the sugar glider.
Describe the use of radiology in the sugar glider.
List the top 8 diseases seen in the sugar glider.
What is the scientific name for the African Pygmy hedgehog?
Describe the unique anatomy of the hedgehog.
Describe the unique reproductive/fetal anatomy in the hedgehog.
What is the standard diet recommendation for hedgehogs?
What is the standard housing recommendation for hedgehogs?
How do we manually restrain hedgehogs?
List the different venipuncture sites in the hedgehog. How much should you take?
Describe anesthesia and radiology in the hedgehog.
Describe fluid therapy in the hedgehog.
List some of the top diseases seen in hedgehogs.
