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Avian and exotic > Avian and exotic > Flashcards

Avian and exotic Flashcards

found here: https://quizlet.com/209659507/avian-and-exotic-flash-cards/

1
Q

which birds can be infected by histomonas, and what is the vecor

A

galliform birds, heterakis gallinae worms

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2
Q

clinical signs of histomonis

A

black head in males, yellowish foamy diarrheoa

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3
Q

therapy of histomonosis

A

klion

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4
Q

which birds suffer from lymphoma

A

canaries and parrots

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5
Q

causative agent of lymphoma

A

retroviridae

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6
Q

non-infectious agents causing serous nasal discharge in birds

A

pollen, dust, smoke and fungal spores

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7
Q

infectious agents causing serous nasal discharge in birds

A

viruse; paramyxovirus

bacteria; mycoplasma and chlamydophiloa

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8
Q

what is the cause of purulent nasal discharge in birds

A

secondary bacterial infections

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9
Q

which species causes mycoplasmosis of exotic pheasents

A

mycoplasma gallisepticum

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10
Q

is mycoplasma species resistna tor sensitive

A

sensitive (virulent for max 1-2 days)

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11
Q

how can you treat mycoplasmosis in birds

A

nutritional; viatmins, protein and probiotics

antibiotic; enrofloxacin

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12
Q

what is the causative of amazon tracheitis

A

parrot herpesvirus 2 and 3

chicken also sensitive

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13
Q

clinical symptoms of amazon trachitis

A

lethargy, loss of apetits
respiratory; dyspnoea and nasal discharge
conjunctivitis in peracute cases

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14
Q

how can you treat amazon tracheitis

A

change the cage place
treat secondary bacterial infections with anitbiotic and vitamins
inhalational therapy

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15
Q

causative and clinical symptoms of paramyxovirus infection in canaries

A

PMV-1, conjuncitvitis, specific noises at respiration, sneezing, shaking the head

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16
Q

which part of the respiratory tract of birds is common for poxvirus, mycobacterium avium and trichomoas and what is the treatment

A

trachea

clean the bird house and cages and giver ivermectin

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17
Q

what is the causative agent of syngamus infection of pheasants and what is the intermediate host

A

syngamus tracheae

ring worms

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18
Q

diagnosis and therapy of syngamus infection in pheasants

A

fecal/larval examination

mebendazol or fenbendazol

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19
Q

which bacteria are likely to cause changes in the bird lung

A

tuberculosis

E.coli

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20
Q

which stains are good for differential diagnoiss of bacterial infections in the bird lung

A

grocott, HE, PAS, ZN

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21
Q

what are the causative of serous, purulent and chronic fibrinous airsacculitis in birds

A

serou; virus, mycoplasma
purulent; bacteria
chronic fibrinous; bacteria, fungi

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22
Q

what is the causative agent of infectous disease of the pericardial sac in birds

A

microfilaria

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23
Q

which pathogens can cause bleeding in the pericardium

A

bacteria; pasteurella multocida, E. rhusiopathieae, E.coli

viral; bird flu

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24
Q

which bird is very sensitive to nephritis virus

A

tragopans

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25
Q

what is the caustative of kidney coccidiosis in young geese

A

E. truncata

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26
Q

which bacteria can cause inflammation of the testis in birds

A

salmonella species; necrotic inflammation

mycobacteria; tubercles in testis

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27
Q

which birds are more likely to suffer from infectious disease in the copulatory organs

A

ducks and geese, due to bad keeping

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28
Q

do chelonians (turtle) have a diaphragm

A

no

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29
Q

what does the term poikilotherm mean

A

cold blooded

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30
Q

what is the optimal enviromental temp for reptile

A

22-27°C

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31
Q

how many phases of shedding can be differntiated in snakes

A

5

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32
Q

what is common cause of sheeding problems

A

keeping

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33
Q

is biggger always better when it comes to the size of the terrarium

A

no

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34
Q

how many hours light is necessary each day

A

8-10

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35
Q

in case of tropical spp of reptiles, how much humidity do they need

A

90%

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36
Q

what kind of terrarium type do you have concerning habitats

A

rain forest,
savannah
mediterranean
desert

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37
Q

what kind of terrarium type do you have concerning way of living

A

higher style
flat style
aqua-terrarium

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38
Q

which reptiles are considered herbivourous

A

testudinae and green iguanna

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39
Q

which reptile are considered carnivorous

A

snake, sweet water turtle and monitors

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40
Q

which reptiles are considered omnivorous

A

some geckos and agama

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41
Q

what are the positions for x-ray in soft shelled turtle

A

DV, LL, carinio-caudal

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42
Q

which site can be used for blood sampling in a chelonian

A

sub-carpaxial sinus
dorsal coccygeal vein
vena jugularis

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43
Q

which site can be used for blood sampling in lizards

A

ventral coccygeal vein, heart,

abdominal veins

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44
Q

which sites can be used for blood sampling in snake

A

ventral coccygeal vein, heart and vena palatina

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45
Q

what can be consequence of too high humifity

A

dermatitis

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46
Q

what can be consequence of too low humidity

A

shedding problems

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47
Q

poxvirus dermatitis is common in which spp.

A

kaiman, green iguanna and sceloporus spp

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48
Q

what are the clinical signs of poxvirus dermatits

A

small brownish papules, localistaion

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49
Q

what are the most common tick infection of reptile

A

ophinonyssus natricis

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50
Q

what are the clinical signs of ophinonysussus natricis infection

A

anaemia, shedding problems

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51
Q

what is the correct therapy if suspecting ophinonyssus natricis infections

A

ivermectin

frontline

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52
Q

shell diseases is most common in which type of chelonian

A

more common in aquatic than tortoises

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53
Q

in what repitles do you most commonly find stomatitis

A

snakes and larger lizards, venomous snakes especially

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54
Q

how does stomatisis look like

A

yellow fibrin layer, under the fibrin you find bleeding mucosa

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55
Q

treatment of stomatits

A

change keeping environment and remove fibrin layer

enrofloxacin 4mg/kg for 4-5 days and vit-c injection every day

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56
Q

which animals are commonly affected by hypertrophic gastritis

A

snakes and geckos

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57
Q

what pathogen causes hypertrophic gastritis in reptiles

A

cryptosporidium serpentis

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58
Q

what are the clinical signs of hypertrophic gastritis in snakes

A

weight loss, good appetite but vomiting, water like smelly diarrhoea

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59
Q

what are the clinical sings of hypertrophic gastritis in geckos

A

weight loss and refusal to eat

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60
Q

treatment for hypertrophic gastris

A

spiramycin, 160mg/kg for 7 days, repeat 2 weeks later

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61
Q

how to prevent hyptertropic gastritis

A

better hygiene

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62
Q

what are the causative agents for acute mucoid enterocolities

A

parvo and adenovirus, proteus and shigella

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63
Q

what are the causative agents for necrotic enterocolities

A

entamoeba invadens, trichomonas and hexamita spp

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64
Q

what is the pathogen causing ulcerative enteriits

A

kalicephalus spp

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65
Q

which spp are highly susceptible to enteritis caused by entamoeba

A

herbivorous reptiles,

carnivorous spp

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66
Q

what are the clinical signs of entamoeba enteritis

A

loss of appetite, diarrhoea and lethargy

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67
Q

what are the different forms of viral pneumonia

A

acute respiratory; wide breath with open mouth and sneezing

chronic respiratory; pneumonia

CNS; incoordinatino, asymptomatic form; virus carrier

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68
Q

what pathological lesion do you find in viral pneumonia

A

catarrhal or purulent pneumonia

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69
Q

what is the treatment for viral pneumonia

A

antibiotics with vitamin C

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70
Q

fungal pneumonia; susceptible spp and predisposing factors

A

all reptiles

high humidity helps overgrowth

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71
Q

which snake spp are sensitive to parasitic pneumonia

A

all snakes are sensitive

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72
Q

what is the causative agent of pneumonia verminosa

A

rhabdias spp

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73
Q

routes of infection of pneumonia verminosa

A

contaminated feed

per cutaneous

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74
Q

contaminated feed

per cutaneous

A

Invermectin injection

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75
Q

how to perform a blood examination

A

collect blood, serology, blood smear stained with giemsa

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76
Q

which repitle spp are susceptible to nephritis

A

all

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77
Q

most common causative agent for nephritis

A

bacteria

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78
Q

type of nephritis found in reptile

A

purulent nephritis

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79
Q

what is the treatment for egg myasis

A

infertile egg should be removed from hatchery, healthy should be transferred to clean medium and hatchery must be cleaned

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80
Q

in which spp is it common to see post-hibernati anorexia

A

snakes and turtles

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81
Q

diseases which are related to hibernation inculse

A

mechanical damage
post-hibernation anorexia
post-hibernation icterus
septicaemia

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82
Q

which antibiotic is not to be given PO to reptiles

A

gentamycin

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83
Q

which is a very good antibiotic to use with wide spectrum and low resistance

A

enrofloxacin

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84
Q

which antibiotic is higly oto and neprhotoxic

A

gentamycin

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85
Q

for how long should you keep treating reptiles with amphotericin B

A

2 weeks

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86
Q

how often should you use grisofulvin

A

every 3rd day

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87
Q

which disase is nystatin highly effective against

A

eneral mycotic inefctions

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88
Q

which fungi is amphotericin B highly effective against

A

aspergillus

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89
Q

what diseases do you use metroindazole for in reptiles

A

entamoeba and ciliated infections

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90
Q

which spp should never get ivermectin

A

turtles

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91
Q

colour of reptile skin depends on several factors

A 
genetic,
condition
season
age
reproduction status
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92
Q

darker skin colour may be due to what

A

stress
illness
physiological accomodation

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93
Q

in which animals is it physiological to have tattered shedding

A

lizards, boid (BOA) snakes

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94
Q

in which spp is is pathological to have tattered shedding

A

colubrid snakes

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95
Q

what types of dermatitis is found in reptiles

A

necrotic,
ulcerative,
ventral dermal necrosis
nodular

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96
Q

what are the symptoms of scale rot

A

brownish scales and abcesses

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97
Q

what are common neoplasms in reptiles

A

papillomatosis
carcnioma
melanoma

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98
Q

what are the clinical signs of Vit-a hypovitaminosis

A

swollen eyelids

hyper and parakeratosis

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99
Q

what is a non-infectous causes of stomatitis

A

uric acid excretion

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100
Q

in what cases is liver lipidosis physiological in reptiles

A

under gravidty
after hibernation
before 1st shedding

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101
Q

under which circumstances is it physiological for reptiles to refuse feed

A

hibernation
gravidity
breeding season
before shedding

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102
Q

what are the reasons for post hibernation anorexia in reptiles

A

dehydration

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103
Q

what is the therapy for post hibernation anorexia

A

re-hydration by swimming in lukewarm water

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104
Q

common tumours in lunngs of tortoises

A

fibroma and fibrosarcoma

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105
Q

common tumors in lungs of snakes

A

adenocarcinoma

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106
Q

what is the reason for atelectatic lung in reptiles

A

overconditioning

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107
Q

what are the predisposing factor for pregnancy tozaemia

A

young female,
big litter
no resting time
malnutrition

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108
Q

what is the treatment if you have suspected prenancy toxaemia

A

warm fluid
energy support
shock therapy

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109
Q

what are the most common pathogens causing mastitis

A

pasteurella

staphylococcus and streptococcus spp

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110
Q

clinical signs of mastitis

A

swollen warm

painful mammary glands

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111
Q

therapy in case of suspected mastitis

A

antibiotic
NSAID
fluid therapy
hot packs

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112
Q

what is the most common mammary tumours

A

adenocarcinoma

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113
Q

clinical findings in case of mammary tumor

A

Ln-homogenous palpation

not swollen or painful

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114
Q

what is the treatment of mammary gland tumour

A

mammectomy of OHE

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115
Q

in which animal is paraphimosis common

A

chincillas

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116
Q

encephalotozoonosis is found in what spp and caused by what pathogen

A

rabbit,

E. cuniculi

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117
Q

where are the spores of encephalitozoon expelled

A

urine

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118
Q

what is the infection route of encephalitozoon

A

per os

aerogenous

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119
Q

what are the symptoms in a rabbit with encephalitozoon infection

A 
head tilt,
behavioral changes,
nystagmus,
seizure,
interstitial nephritis and renal failure
PD/PU
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120
Q

treatment of encephalitozoon infections

A

dexamethason
chlroamphenicol
oxibendazole
diasepam

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121
Q

is encephalitozoon infections xoonotic

A

yes

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122
Q

lymphocytic choriomeningitis affect who?

A

all rodents, especially mouse and hamster

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123
Q

what are the 4 different form of lymphocytic choriomenigitis and their CS

A

cerevral; abnormal posture, tremor, tonic/clonic seizures and death

visceral; conjuctivitis, ascites and lethargy

Late;9-12 months after natal or prenatal infection, lethargy asscite and proteinuria

vestigial; abnoramal development and death

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124
Q

what is the pathogen causing LCM

A

arenavirus

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125
Q

what are the clinical sings of trauma or stroke in rodents/ rabbits

A

head tilt and CNS

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126
Q

what is the preferred treatment of stroke

A

glucocorticoids, B-vitamin supplement

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127
Q

what are the symptoms of heat stroke in rabbits and rodents

A

bad general status, seizures, dyspnoea, warm body

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128
Q

treatment when suspecting heat stroke

A

cooling body
shock therapy
diuretics and oxygen

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129
Q

hind-limb weakness, cause and treatment

A

spinal cord injury

glucocorticois, B-vits, euthanasia

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130
Q

DM affects which spp in particular

A

degu

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131
Q

lymphoma is common in which

A

guinea pigs

rabbits

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132
Q

lymphoma in guinea pigs caused by

A

retrovirus

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133
Q

what disease are related to obesity

A

pododermatits, hypercalcuria, incontinentia, dermatitis, hepatic lipidosis, dysochia, joint problems, spinal problems

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134
Q

to which family does the ferret belon

A

mustellidae

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135
Q

what are the uses of ferrets

A 
rodent control
hunting
pelt
biomedical research
cable transport
sports, companion
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136
Q

what is the body weight of a ferret

A
  1. 5-2 kg in males

0. 6-1 kg in females

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137
Q

how long do ferrets live

A

7-9 years

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138
Q

when is a ferret matuee

A

6-12 months

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139
Q

how long is the gestating period of ferrets and when are they weaned

A

41-43 days

weaned after 6-8weeks

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140
Q

ferrets body temp

A

38-39.5

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141
Q

what can you say about the digestive tract of ferrets

A

big dilating stomach very short GI tract, carnivorous, lots of prey, GI parastisim is rare

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142
Q

how can the diet help prevent or treat hypocalcuria

A

more veg, grass/hay and fresh water, less seeds and timothy based pellets

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143
Q

CRF is common at what age

A

old age

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144
Q

ovarian cysts are common in which specis are what age

A

guinea pig after 1.5 year

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145
Q

diagnosis of ovarian cyst

A

palpation, found behind kidney, round shape US

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146
Q

treatment of ovarian cyst

A

ovarian hysterectomy

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147
Q

in which animal is endometrirts and uterine tumours common

A

rabbits

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148
Q

pyometrea in rabbits is caused by what pathogen

A

pasturella multocida

staphyloccous aureus

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149
Q

how do you prevent adenocarcinoma in rabbits

A

spay before 2 years

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150
Q

dystochia is common in which

A

guinea pigs

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151
Q

what is the cause of dystochia in guinea pigs

A

large foetuses, permanent fuse of symphisis, and abnormal position of foetus

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152
Q

treatment of dystocia

A

Ca and oxytocin
C. section
OHE,
manual removal of foetus

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153
Q

how to prevent dystochia

A

don’t breed until 6 months,
separate sexes at 3-4 weeks
symphysis fusion occurs at 1-1.5 years
resting time 1 month

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154
Q

pregnancy toxaemia is especially important in which spp

A

guinea pig

chinchillas and rabbits

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155
Q

what is the time period you should expect pregnancy toxaemia

A

2 weeks of pregnancy and 1 week after delivery

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156
Q

which spp are prone to Vit b1 deficiency

A

water snakes

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157
Q

CS of vit B1 deficiency

A

moving disorders

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158
Q

parts of the carpax

A

nuchal,
neualia
costalia
marginalia

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159
Q

what are the parts of the pasltrom

A 
gularia,
humeralia
pectoralia
abdominalia
femoralia
analia
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160
Q

what type of blood tubes should you use in reptiles

A

Li-heparin

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161
Q

what may be the reason for tattered shedding

A 
low humidty
high temp
absence of rubbing material
absence of water
ophinonyssus natricis
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162
Q

CS of tattered shedding

A

old skin remains
nervousness
feed refusal

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163
Q

what is the appropriate therapy for tattered shedding

A

swimming water

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164
Q

what may be the cause of failed shedding

A

too low or high temp

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165
Q

what may be the cause of shortened shedding cycle

A

damage of skin
too high thyroxixn
high temp

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166
Q

which spp are referred to as large agamas

A

iguana iguana
barbed dragons
water agamas

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167
Q

what may be the cuase of rostral skin damage in large agamas

A

too small terrarium
too many adult males
bad enviroment

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168
Q

what is the correct therapy for rostal skin damage

A

change of keeping

antibiotic

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169
Q

what may be the cause if you see scarring of skin

A

prey bite
fighting
fixing bite during copulation

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170
Q

what may be the reason for generalized edema in reptiles

A

heart or kidney failure

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171
Q

what is another name for ventral dermal necrosis

A

scale rot

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172
Q

how to prevent egg myiasis

A

clean hatchery

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173
Q

why does mycosis happen in eggs

A

inappropriate hatching medium

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174
Q

what happens if you use peat as hatching medium

A

no mildew

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175
Q

what happens if you use peril as hatching medium

A

mould may occur

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176
Q

how to treat mycosis in eggs

A

dust affected area with activated carbon

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177
Q

in which spp does encephalitis occur

A

snakes

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178
Q

what are the causative agenst for encephalitis in snakes

A

paramyxovirus,
systemic mycosis
tophus

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179
Q

in which spp is internal ear inflammation common

A

turtles

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180
Q

what is internal ear inflammation caused by

A

bacterial infections

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181
Q

what is the symptom of internal ear infection

A

lateral part of head is enlarged

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182
Q

how to threat internal ear inflammation

A

surgery and antibiotics

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183
Q

when is it physiolgocal to have opal discolouration of the eyes in snakes

A

during shedding

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184
Q

what is the causative agent if you have chronic eye infections

A

mite infection

185
Q

what are the reasons for developing ceratopathy

A

post-hibernation ceratopahy

lipidosis

erosion

186
Q

what is the proposed therapy for entamoeba enteritis

A

metronidasol, 250 mg/kg every 2nd day
high temp
vitamin inj
antibiotic

187
Q

how to prevent entamoeba enteritis

A

separate carnivorous snakes and lizards from herbivorous tortoises

188
Q

what is the aetiology behind disciliasis of snakes

A

too low temperatue under the digestion

189
Q

causative agent for acute purulent like hepatitis

190
Q

chronic hepatitis with tubercle formation is caused by what pathogen

A

mycobacterium
fungi
alga

191
Q

nodular hepatitis is caused by what type of parasite

A

capillaria

larvae migrans viscellaris

192
Q

what types of hepatitis are found in reptiles

A

acute purulent, necrotic, chronic with tubercle formation,

nodular hepatitis

193
Q

what are the most common virus causing hepatitis

A

iridovirus
herpesvirus
adenovirus

194
Q

rhinitis and sinusitis most commonly affects which reptile

A

terrestrail tortoises

195
Q

causes for rhinitis and sinusties

A

virus; herpesvirus and irisovirus
allergic, non infectious
intestinal parasitosis
fungi spore

196
Q

clinical signs for sinusitis and rhinitis

A

serous to purulent discharge

197
Q

which snake types are sensitive to viral pneumonia

A

venomous and colubrid

198
Q

causative agent for viral pneumoina is snakes

A

paramyxovirus

199
Q

what are the most common surgical procedures in rodents and rabbits

A

explorative laparotomy, excision of neoplasms, ovary-hysterectomy, exstripatio bulbi-cystotomy

200
Q

what is the maintenice volume of isofluran

201
Q

what is the introduciton volume of isoflurane

202
Q

dosages of painkillers intra and post op

A

butorphanol; 3mg/kg
fflunixin; 1-10mg/kg
ketoprofen; 5-10mg/kg

203
Q

what is the spp causing interstinal coccidiosis in guinea pigs

A

eimeria caviae

204
Q

what are the causative agenst for aloopecia and puritis

A

husbandry problems

205
Q

what can be causative agents for dermatitis

A

fungi
bacterial
parasites
allergic

206
Q

CS of flea dermatitis

A

discomfort
puritis
fur and skin problems

207
Q

CS of licer dermatitis

A

puritis and nervous animal

208
Q

example of common mites causing dermatitis

A

Gyropus ovali,
chirodiscoides caviae
trixacarus caviae

209
Q

which animals commonly have problems with marking glands

A

hasmters and gerbils

210
Q

which animals get ateroma

A

guinea pigs

211
Q

what is a good diet in case of malnutrition status in an animal

A

good quality commercial food, apples, good quality hay

212
Q

what may be the cause of malocclusion

A

teeth growing in wrong direction, incomplete wear, prognatha inferior, trauma, malnutrition

213
Q

what may be the symptoms of malocclusion

A

anorexia due to pain
increased salivaiton, causing moist dermatitis
injury and ulveration

214
Q

what can you use to examine teeth in rodents

A

vaginal speculum

otoscope

215
Q

which animals primarily get cheeck pouch impaction

216
Q

how do you recognise cheek pouch impaction

A

hard, unhomogenus swelling of cheek

217
Q

symptoms of zootrichobezoar

A

anorexia, unable to eat enough

weight loss

218
Q

treatment for zootrichobezoar

A

intensive fluid therapy,
laxatives
GI motility stimulators
Enzyme extract or fresh pinapple juice

219
Q

etiology of constipation

A

low excercise
causing atonia
malnutrition or lack of fresh water
abdominal mass

220
Q

which antibiotic may you give Per os without any complications

A

fluroquinolones
sulphonamides
chloramphenicol
metronidal

221
Q

what is the treatment for giardia infection

A

metronidazol

fenbendazole

222
Q

mucoid enteritis is seen in what animal and what age groups

A

rabbits

7-14 weeks of age

223
Q

symptoms of mucoid enteritis includes

A 
lethargy,
anorexia,
tympani,
abdominal pain,
mucoid like feaces,
chronic; no defecation
224
Q

what is the treatment when confirmed mucoid enteritits

A

force feeding with baby food + fiber
probiotics
GI motitility stimulats
fresh pineapple juice

225
Q

what are the clinical forms of pasteurellosis

A

upper respiratory tract infection
otitis media
otitis interna
septicaemia

226
Q

which animal gets pasteruellosis

227
Q

how do you diagnose pasteurellosis in rabbits

A

Clinical signs
X-ray of skull, abd. and thoraz
US
blood test

228
Q

what do you use to treat pasteurellosis

A

enrofloxacin (+metronidazol).

treat for at least 3 weeks

229
Q

supportive treatment of pasteurellosis may be

A 
fluid therapy
force feeding and NSAID
mucolytics
Nasal spray,
eye drops
230
Q

can you vaccinate against pasteruellosis

231
Q

what is the causative agent of rabbit haemorrhagic dieases, what age groups

A

calicivirus

4-5 weeks old

232
Q

CS of rabbit haemorrhagic disease

A

lethargy,
fever,
respiratory signs
sudden death

233
Q

can you vaccinate against rabbit haemorrhagic disease

234
Q

how many serotypes are known for infectous diseases of bird brains

235
Q

PMV-1 infects

236
Q

PMV-2 infects

A

song birds, parrots and domestic species

237
Q

PMV-3 infects

A

song birds, parrots and domestic species

238
Q

PMV-4 infects

A

ducks, geese and domestic species

239
Q

PMV-5 infects

A

small parrots and lories

240
Q

PMV-6 infects

A

Ducks, geese and turkeys

241
Q

PMV-7 infects

A

pigeons and doves

242
Q

PMV-8 infects

A

ducks and geese

243
Q

PMV-9 infects

A

domestic duck

244
Q

which PMV serotypes causes asymptomatic infection

245
Q

what is the causative agent of newcastle disease

A

paramyxovirus 1

246
Q

CS on newcastle disease

A 
apathy,
lethargy
enteritis
ophistotonus in doves due to encephalitis
respiratory sings in song birds
247
Q

which viruses can cause infectons of the brain other than paramyxovirus

A

polyomavirus

west-nile virus

248
Q

what kind of inflammation can be seen in the brain in case of pneumomycosis

A

granulomatous formation

249
Q

which brids are prone to botulism and during what season

A

exotic pheasant and ducks during summer

250
Q

what is the best treament against botulism in birds

A

remove the sick birds

251
Q

which disease causes changed in the lumbosacral pleaxus

A

mareks’s disease

252
Q

which birds are sensitive to marek’s disease and what can be seen in the nerves

A

Galliform birds

lymphoid cell infiltration in the nerves

253
Q

which pathogens cause changees in the eyelids and what changes do they cause

A

paramyoxvirus, chlamydophila psittatci and mycoplasma cause conjunctivits followed by discharge

poxvirus causes papules or knots,
papillomavirus causes tumours

254
Q

which bacteria can cause septic arthriculitis in the joints of birds?

A

mycoplasma
chlamydoplia psittaci
salmonella
streptococcus and staphyloccous

255
Q

what is the cause of aseptic arthriculitis in birds

A

uric acid deposits

256
Q

why is it important to remember the high metabolic rate that birds have

A

they starve fast

257
Q

which ovary is present in birds

258
Q

which jugular vein is present in birds

259
Q

what can you do if the birds lacks grit in the crops

A

add it to the feed or directly to crop

260
Q

what is the DD of birds without crop grit

A

proventricular dilation disease,
malabsorption
enteritis
megabacteriosis

261
Q

where should you examine a bird to check obesity

262
Q

what can be the consequence of only feeding sunflower seeds

A

Vit A deficiency

263
Q

how do you treat bumble foot

A

local antibiotic

264
Q

which mites are found on birds and where

A

knemidokoptes pila, mutans and gallia

265
Q

which bird do you primarily find K. pilae

266
Q

which bird do you primarily find K. jamaicaensis

A

canary and other finches

267
Q

which bird do you primarily find K. mutans

A

on legs of domestic birds

268
Q

what are the clinical sings of knemidokoptes infection

A

inflammation
hyper/para keratosis
greyish-white discoloration

269
Q

what is the recommended therapy for knemidokoptes infestation

A

ivermectin, cydectic

270
Q

what are the CS of paramyxovirus or mycoplasma infection in pheasants

A

oversecretion of mucous, leads to sufffocation

271
Q

what are the agents causing diptheric infection in birds

A

poxvirus, candid, trichomonas

272
Q

which bacteria cuase megabacteriosus

A

macrohabdus, ornithogaster

273
Q

where can megabacteriosis localise

A

in the superficial proprial glands of the proventriculus

274
Q

how to treat megabacteriosis in birds

A

amphotericin B po
separation
drinking water should be pH 6
lactobacillus supplement

275
Q

which birds are likely to suffer from proventricular dilation disease (PDD

A

larger parrot

276
Q

CS of proventricular dilation disease (PDD

A 
lethargy,
loss of appetite,
bad condition
change in fecal consistancy
suffocation
277
Q

which birds are prone to megabacteriosis

A

canary birds,

small and large parrots

278
Q

which birds are likely to get haemorrhagic enterits

A

small song birds and parrot

279
Q

what can be the cause of bleeding in the intestinal mucosa

A

mycotoxins,
paramyxovirus
bird flu

280
Q

what are the CS of necrotic enteriits caused by Cl perfringens in pheasansts

A

lethargy and loss of appetite

281
Q

where can tuberculosis be found in birds

A 
pharynx,
oesophagus,
proventriculus,
intestine,
respiratory,
bone marrow,
CNS
spleen
282
Q

pathology of salmonella infection

A

enteritis
necrotic inflammation in parenchymal organs
necrotic inflammation in testis
follicular degeneration of ovaries

283
Q

pathogen, CS and diagonis of coccidiosis

A

eimeria

diarrhoea, sudden death, weight loss

flotation technique for oocyst detection

284
Q

which ascarid worm infect birds and which birds are most likely to get infected

A

ascaridia gali
ascaridia columbae

parrots,
doves
pheasants
patridges

285
Q

which heterakis spp infect birds and which birds most likely to get infected

A

heterakis gallinarum, dispar, and isolonche

pheasant, patridges and some geese

286
Q

what type of tumor may be seen in cloaca of parrots

287
Q

what are the caustaive of inclusion body hepatits

A

herpesvirus

adenovirus

288
Q

infectious agent and susceptible age of duck viral hepatitis

A

picornavirdae in young duck

289
Q

CS and prevention of duck viral hepatitis

A

peracute; sudden death

acute; liver dystrophie, tremors, moving problems and incoordinatino

vaccination

290
Q

bacterial infection in parrots and doves

A 
salmonella
yersinia,
pasteurella
citrobacter
pseudomonas
291
Q

bacterial infections in duck and geese

A

staphyloccus,
streptococcus
erysipelas

292
Q

causes and CS of psittacosis

A

clamydophila psittaci

lethargy
apathy
decreased appetite
diarrhoea
weight loss
respiratory symptoms
293
Q

therapy and prevention of psittacoisi

A

doxycyclin or enrofloacin

closed colonies
quaratine

294
Q

what you feed a finch

A

quality formulated seed mix
soft food like egg, cheese, carrots and bisque
insects after hatching and fresh water

295
Q

what would you feed a psittacine

A

quality formulated pellet diet
tropical fruits
pigmented vegetable and vitamins

296
Q

what are the symptoms if a bird lack grit

A

poor condition

undigested material in faeces

297
Q

why is it dangerous to use penalty when you are training your bird

A

creates fear and aggression

298
Q

what happens if you use louder voice to your bird

A

it will imitate you

299
Q

which muscle is used for IM drugs

300
Q

where do you give SC injection

A

femoral skin

on back btw wings

301
Q

what do you need for general anaesthesia is bird

A

isofluran or sevoflurane

mask or endotracheal tube

302
Q

what is aim of feather clipping

A

limit flying

not terminate

303
Q

what is the recommended method of feather clipping

A

clip the inner and outer permanent featers

cut ends should be below cover feathers

max 7.5m flight capacity

304
Q

CS for pox infection

A

septicaemia, changes of MM and skin

305
Q

what is the preferred therapy and prevention of bird pox

A

antibiotics to prevent secondary bacterial

prevent pox by vaccination

306
Q

what types of birds are predisposed to bumble foot

A

predator birds

307
Q

which type of bird should be handled carefully

308
Q

why is it important to reduce bird visits to vet

A

sensitive to transportation

309
Q

why is bird x-ray blurry

A

always moving due to breathing

310
Q

which x-ray position is contra-indicated in case of birds with dyspnoea

A

laterolateral

311
Q

how do you determine bird sex

A

endoscopy, DNA

312
Q

why is the birds lung so excellent for pathogens

A

high O2,
humidity
and temperature

313
Q

is us often used in birds

A

no because of airsacs

314
Q

what are the methos for oral drug administration in birds

A

blunt feeding tube

315
Q

can iv catheraters be used in birds

A

only in large species

316
Q

what is the indication for interosseous catheter placement

A

intra or post-op fluid therapy

317
Q

why are injectible anaesthetic not recommended in birds

A

difficult to control

318
Q

do birds need small cages to feel safe

A

no min 3x wing span

319
Q

which spp of birds are seed eaters

A

most psittacins and finches

320
Q

which spp of birds are fruits eaters

321
Q

which birds are soft feed eaters

A

lories, beo and toucan

322
Q

which bacteria are responsible for follicular degeneration on the ovary

A

salmonella and other

323
Q

which 3 infection routes are possilbe for infection of the oviduct during egg laying seaons

A

ascending, decending hematogenous

324
Q

CS of infectious disease of oviduct

A

aysmoptomatic in beginnig
laying suddenly stops
egg pseudoconcretion

325
Q

how can you treat infectious diseases of the oviduct, what about prognoisis

A

antibiotic
remove nest
poor progonisis

326
Q

the causative of egg drop syndrome and in which birds is it more common

A

adenovirus in pheasants

327
Q

CS of egg drop syndrome

A

skin like egg shell

broken egg shell

328
Q

which factors can have serious consequences around hatching

A

during egg developmetn; vit and mineral deficiency

egg laying; bad nest hygiene

incubation; humidity and temperature

329
Q

what can be consequence of improper condition around hatching

A

chickens are hatched but low vitality
loud peeping
disheveled feathers and swagging

330
Q

what is the causative and victims of marble spleen disease

A

adenovirus,

exotic pheasant and turkey

331
Q

what are the clinical signs of marble spleen disease

A

soft feces, lethargy, loss of appetite, dyspnoea

332
Q

which virus is likely to infect the buras fabricii and what are the sings

A

circovirus

depletion of lymphoid tissue
inclusion bodies

333
Q

which infectious disease of the bone marrow can be seen in birds

A

lymphoma
mycotoxicosis
tuberculosis

334
Q

what is the causative agent for bacterial respiratory infection in guinea pigs

A

brodetalla bronchiseptica

streptococcus pneumoniae

335
Q

what is the treatment for bacterial respiatory infection in guinea pigs

A

antibiotics and supportive treatment

336
Q

respiratory diesase in rats is a multifactorial diease, what are the factos

A

mycoplasma pulmonis
latent respiratory virus
high ammonia levels

337
Q

what are the symptoms of CRD in rats

A 
weight loss
nasal discharge
dyspnoea
poor quality fur
porphyrine
338
Q

treatment of CRD in rats

A

enrofloxacin
supportive treamting nad flucocorticoids
optimal husbandry

339
Q

what are the bacteria causing bacterial resp disease in rats

A

streptococcus pneumonia,

cornybacterium kutscheri

340
Q

non infectious respiratory disease in rabbits and rodents include

A

allergies,

pulmonary tumour

341
Q

what is the most common pulmonary tumor in all spp

A

alveolar adenocarcinoma

342
Q

which animals are susceptible to urolithiasis formation

A

rabbits and guinea pig

343
Q

symptoms in case of urolithiasis

A

anorexia,
abdominal pain,
blood in urine
porphyrinurea

344
Q

how do you diagnose urolithiases

A

x-ray
US
urine examination

345
Q

what is the tratment for urolithiasis

A

surgical removal
fluid therapy
pain control
antibiotic to prevent cystitis

346
Q

what is hypercalcuria

A

not urolith, but rather amoprhous calcium sludge

347
Q

what are the signs of hypercalcuria

A

pasty urine,
bleeding
secondary inflammation of urinary tract

348
Q

what type of examination is always needed to determine enteral pathogens

A

faecal sample

349
Q

which animals are especially sensitive to E.coli infections

A

guine pig
hamster
chinchilla

350
Q

what are the predisposin factor to E.coli infections

A

improper antibiotic use
stress
malnutrition

351
Q

what are the symptoms of E.coli infections

A

acute-subacute diarrhea,
salivation
tympani

352
Q

what are the predisposing factors for salmonellosis

A

stress
hypovitaminosis
malnutrition

353
Q

what is the causative agent of tyzzer’s disease and what animals are sensitive

A

Cl piliformis

gerbil

354
Q

what is the pathology of tyzzer’s disease

A

necrosis in the liver and intestinal mucosa, myocardial degeneration

355
Q

which animal is sensitive to lawsonia intracellularis infections

A

hamster, rabbit guinea pig

356
Q

what are the symptoms for L. intracellularis infection

A

anorexia
weight loss
yellowish diarrhoea
rectal prolapse

357
Q

what do you use to treat L. intracelularis

A

tetracycline
chlorampehicol
fluid therapy

358
Q

what is the causative agent of entamoebosis of guinea pigs and what is the treatment

A

entamoeba caviae

metroindazol

359
Q

which animals are sensitive to giardiosis

A

mouse,
rat
hamster
chinchillas

360
Q

what is the most common fungi causing dermatitis

A

trichophyton mentagrophytes

361
Q

which are the bacterial agents most commonly causing bacterial dermatitis

A

staphylococcus, pasteurella

362
Q

what is the treatment for dermatitis due to fungal infection

A

local treatment,myconazole, ketoconazole and natamycin

systemic; itraconazole

363
Q

what is the treatment for dermatitis caused by parasite

A

pyrethroids contact powder

ivermectin

364
Q

which drugs are highly prohibited in case of parasitc dermatitis

A

fipronil

amitraz

365
Q

what do you use for puritis managment in rodents and rabbits

A

glucocorticois
antihistaminsa
lidocaine gel
skin hydration

366
Q

ear mites, pathogens and treatment

A

psoroptes caniculs

ivermectin

367
Q

myxomatosis; pathogen, symptoms

A

leporipox virus

lethargy
anorexia
skin haemorrhages
seizures
edematous nodules on face and perineum
368
Q

what are the symptoms of C-hypovitaminosis

A 
hyperkeratosis on lips
salivation
pathological fractures
slow wound healing
abnormal dentin formaiton
periarthiris
myositis
369
Q

what are the cuases of pododermatitis

A 
obesity
age
weak immune system
hard bedding
contamination with urine or faeces
370
Q

which animals is pododermatitis primarly a disease of

A

guineapigs

rabbits

371
Q

what is the treatment of pododermatits

A

change bedding
diet and cream for epithelisation

prolonged;
betadine, cream, bandage, NSAID

372
Q

when is breeding season of ferrets

A

spring, controlled by photoperios

373
Q

ferrets; polyestrus or momesture

A

seasonally polyestrus

induced ovulation

374
Q

what are the signs of hyperoestrogenism

A

anaemis and alopecia

death if not treated

375
Q

what causes the special odour of male ferrets

A

sebaecous glands

376
Q

what is appropriate feed for ferrets

A

mica and day-old chicks
ferret and cat food
meat, egg and cheese

377
Q

what is the danger of giving vegetables and fruits to a ferret

378
Q

what is the danger of giving high sugar food toferrets

A

insulinoma

379
Q

which vaccines are obligatory and which are recommended

A

none

distemper and rabies

380
Q

what is the cause and consequences of distember

A

Paramyxovirus in non vaccinateed animals

CNS symptoms

381
Q

what can be seen and done in case of vaccine reactions

A

puritus, salivation, vomiting, diarrhoea, shock, death

fluid therapy, antihistamines, corticosteroids

382
Q

how much and what to give to ferrets as fluid therapy

A

average 50ml/kg ringer (lactata) + glucose

383
Q

in which ferret are enrofloxacin contraindicated

A

young and pregnant

384
Q

which bacteria are enrofloxacin active against

A

G+/- but not anaerobes

385
Q

which bacteria are amoxiclav active against

A

G-, anaerobes, some G+

386
Q

contraindication for amoxiclav

387
Q

spectrum and contraindication of metronidazole

A

narrow spectrum (anaerobes)

no contraindications

388
Q

which analgesic are safe in ferrets

A

buterphenol

for abdominal pain; ketoprofen

389
Q

what are indications for blood transfusion

A

severe anaemia

390
Q

how many blood type groups exist in ferret

391
Q

what ferret is good for being a blood donor

A

1.5kg healthy male ferret

5-10ml of blood

392
Q

indications for castrating a male ferret

A

smell and aggression

393
Q

symptoms and incidnece of GI foreign bodies

A

common in young ferrets,

lethargy, anorexia, salivaiton, fierce rubbing, vomniting, diarrheae, dehydration

394
Q

etieology and pathogenesis of hydroneprosis

A

obstruction of ureter
urine reteniton
distension and dilation of renal pelvie
pregressive atrophy

395
Q

what is the most common tumor in ferrets

A

insulinoma

396
Q

symptoms of insulinoma

A

acute; hypoglycaemia, adrenal symptoms

chronic; lethargy, weakness, anorexia

397
Q

what is the physioloigcal glucose CC in ferets

A

5-11.5 mmol/l

398
Q

what is the problem with hematology in birds

A

venipuncture causes stress
small species
fast hemolysis

399
Q

what can be used as anticoagulent if you want a blood smear/sample for haematology and biochem

A

blood smear; none

haematolgoy; EDTA

biochem; Heparin

400
Q

which site can be used for venipuntcure in birds

A 
vena jugularis,
cutanea ulnaris
caudalis tibialis
sinus venosus occipitalis
heart
nail clipping
401
Q

what can cause blood loss anaemia in birds

A

trauma
ulcer
ecto/endo parasites
coagulation disorders

402
Q

what can cause haemolytic anaemia in birds

A

haemoparasites; plasmodium
haemoprotien
leukocyts

salmonella

alfatoixn

autoimmus haemolytic anaemia

403
Q

what can cause aplastic anaemia in birds

A

chronic infections; TB, chlamydophilosis aspergillosis
CRD
mycotoxin

404
Q

are haematological machines useful for counting avain blood

405
Q

in which cases can basophilia be observed in birds

A 
inflammation of skin or muscle
parasites
chlamydophilosis
resp. disease
severe tissue
damage
starvation
mycotoxicosis
406
Q

non-infectious causes for feather plucking

A 
chlamydophilosis
endo/ectoparasites
folliculitis
air sacculitis
puritus
407
Q

social causes of feather plucking

A 
separation,
attention seeking
stress
reproduction related
failure to lear proening behaviour
poor socilisation
408
Q

what are the non infectious causes of bumble foot and what birds is it more common

A

inadequate perches
poor hygiene
obesity
inactivity

raptors and parrots

409
Q

treatment of bumblefoot in birds

A 
topical antimirobieals
hydrophilic dressing and pedding of feet
anti-inflammatory and analgesics
devridement and suturing
consider systemic antibiotic

long term
alter perches,
excersice
alter diet to control obesity
vit A
410
Q

incidence and causes of bone fractues

A

wild; gun shot or car accidents

pet; improper handling, cage

411
Q

causes and incidence of rachitis in birds

A

Ca deficiency,

Vit D or UV light deficincy in young

412
Q

symptoms and treatment of rachitis in young birds

A

painful malformation
mostly untreatable
surgery in case of malformed tibiotarsus

413
Q

treatment of band and ring injuries in birds

A 
remove band with minimal tissue damage,
assess distal feet vitability,
hydropscopic dressing
antibiotic
prevent trauma
414
Q

what is the incidence and aethology of beak deformities

A

captive birds

improper abression of beak and beak damage

415
Q

how can you treat and prevent beak deformities

A

correction, prevention with proper toys and proper food

416
Q

is it good to measure ALT, LDH, ALP and AST for detecting liver disease in birds

A

ALT, LDH, ALP are not sensitive or liver specific in birds

AST is sensitive but not specific

417
Q

what can increase bile acids suggest in birds

A

hepatic insufficiency and deacreased liver function

418
Q

is endoscopic biopsy recommended as diagnostic tool in liver disasea

A

risky, liver failure

results of biopsy usually not conclusive except in cases of tumour, mycobacterial infections and conditions unresponsive to therapy

419
Q

how could you treat a liver diseased bird

A

fluid therapy, non-lactated every 24h
seconday infections
nutritional support and blood transfusion

treat hepatic encephalopathy; lactulos antibiotic protein restrion

treat ascitis;
remove fluid in case of severe dyspnoea
diuretic
Na restriciton

hepatoprotectants; ursodexycholic acid, vit E

420
Q

infectious causes of kidney disease in birds

A

viral; corona, birna, astro, entero

bacterial; E.coli, staphy, actino, chlamydophli

fungal; aspergillus

parasitic; eimeria, sarcocystisis, crytosporidium

421
Q

diptheric membrane in bird mouth

A

aripox,
vit A deficiency
trichomonas
cornidia

422
Q

treatment time for chalmydia in birds

423
Q

drugs for chlamydiosis

A

enrofloxacine
doxycycline
chlortetracyline

424
Q

guinea pig mites

A

glincola percelli
glyropus ovalia
chirodiscoides caniae
trixocarus caniae

425
Q

what is the blister disease in reptiles

A

sudden in snakes
due to high humidity and poor cage hygiene
fluid filled blisters ventrally
secondary bacterial infections

426
Q

when was the ferret domesticated

A

2000 yeas ago

427
Q

what is protected contact

A

contact through a secure barrier

428
Q

what can be a conservative medicine

A 
hyperol
betadine
anti-septic creams
bandages
NSAID
429
Q

when to neuter ferrets

A

max 6 months

430
Q

how long is the pregnancy of ferrest

A

41-43 days

431
Q

puberty in ferrets

A

6-12 months

432
Q

myxomatosis in rabbits

A 
leporipox virus
vaccination
arthropd vectors
skin haemorrhages
edematus nodules
433
Q

treatment of scabies in rabbits

A

ivermectin

434
Q

antibiotics which shouldn’t be given to rodents

A

penicillin

amoxycillin

435
Q

general zoonosis dieases

A

snakes; pentastomide, entamoeba, toxoplasa, salmonella

birds; psittachosis, mycobacterium

436
Q

treatment time for salmonella in birds

A

14-21 days

437
Q

mycobacterium in reptiles

A

M, marinum, chelonei, tamnopheos

438
Q

non-infectous causes of kidney disease in birds

A

Vit a deficiency
toxicosis
tumour

439
Q

symptoms of kidney disease in birds

A 
dehyration
lameness
weakness
vomiting
regurgitation
weight koss
anorexia
apathy
440
Q

what is the most precise diagnostic test for kidney disease in birds

A

endoscopic exam and biopsy

441
Q

how would you treat kidney disease in birds

A 
fluid therapy
antibiotic
colchicin for fibrosis
omega 3 FA
vit A
442
Q

incidence aethology and treatment of egg binding

A 
in parrots
absolute or relative big egg
systemic diseases
remove egg
surgery
443
Q

Etiology, symptoms and treatment of mycotoxicosis

A

from mouldy feeds,
black blood diarrhea

change feed

444
Q

incidence, aethology, symptoms and treatmetn of lead toxicosis

A

mostly parrots

ingestions of lead

general symptoms
CNS symptoms

Ca EDTA and D-penicillamine

445
Q

what can cause crop impaction

A

too much feed
foreign bodies
dilation, swelling, atony

446
Q

what is the cause of crop burn

A

too hot feeding forulars to hand reared chicks

447
Q

pathogenesis, symptoms and treatment of crop burn

A

hot feed
local necrosis
hole
dehydration

surgical tratment
debridement and closure of defect

448
Q

what are the symptoms and treatment of foreign bodies in the GI tract of birds

A

poor appetits
regurgitation
depression
lethargy

medical treatment
fluid
antibiotic
parafin oil
surgery
449
Q

incidence, aetiology and treatment of cloacal prolapse

A

mostly in egg laying parrots

surgical treatment
attachment of ventral cloaca to the abdominal wall

450
Q

infectious agents of liver disease

A

viral; herpes, adeno, polyoma

bacterial; salmonella, E.coli, klebsiella,
chlamydohila
mycobacterium
mycoplasam

fungal; aspergillus, candida

protozoal; toxoplasama, histomona, trichomonas

451
Q

non-infectious causes of liver disease

A

Vit A deficiency, starving
toxicosis
tumour

452
Q

liver disease specific symptoms

A 
green or yellow urates
abdominal swelling, ascits
coagulopathies
melena
abnoraml beak/nails
malcoloured feathers
453
Q

diagnostic testing for feather plucking

A 
blood analysis
x-ray
sight
fecal exam
skin scraping
feather pulp cytology
chlamydophila
skin biopsy
454
Q

how can you treat feather plucking in birds

A

eliminate the cause,
enviromental enrichment
psychiatric treatment
medical

455
Q

causes of moulting disorders in birds

A

protein, vitamin deficiency

chronic diseases

456
Q

what are the symptoms of moulting disorders in birds

A

lenghted moulting period,
malformation of feather
malcoloration of feaher

457
Q

in which birds are feather cysts a genetic proble

458
Q

pathogenesis, symptons and treatmetn of feather cysts

A

feather cannot grow,
forms a cyst beneath the skin
yellow pea-sized firm mass

surgery

Avian and exotic (4 decks)

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