Avian Flashcards by Holly Norton

Beak function

External structure that allows preening, display and basic mechanical digestion

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Hyoid apparatus

Bone and attached musculature that allows manipulation of food items within the beak

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Oesophagus

Thin walled tube with longitudinal folds and mucous glands to allow the swallowing of large food items

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Crop

Food storage site in grainivores, has a muscular splinter to control food entry

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what is the process of Avian respiration

during inhalation 1 air enters the trachea and flows to the posterior air sac, in exhalation 1 the air flows from the posterior airsack to the patabronchi and lungs. This is where gas is exchanged from oxygen to carbon dioxide. The air then flows from the parabronchi and lungs to anterior air sac in inhalation 2 where it then travels back into the trachea to exit the birds body. This is called exhalation 2

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definition of granivore/ type of beak/ example bird

Bird eat grains/ Short, stout, strong beaks/ examples sparrows, goldfinches, small parrot, pigeons

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definition of carnivore/ type of beak/ example bird

eat meat/ curved beaks with sharp tips/ eagles and hawks

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Definition of insectivore/ type of beak/ example bird

Eats insects/ narrow, pointed hooked beaks/ wrens and warblers

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Definition of nectarivore

eats nectar/ long thin, curved, specialised tounges

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softbills definiton

eat soft food, nectar fruit and insects. Beaks are smaller and less powerful

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hookbills

curved beaks. diet is hard seeds and nuts. eg parrot

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new caste disease/ symptoms/ treatment/ zoonotic and notifiable?

symptoms: respiratory difficulties, diarrhoea, nervous twitches
treatment: vaccination
Not zoonotic
Yes its notifiable

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Avian influenza disease/ symptoms/ treatment/ zoonotic and notifiable?

symptoms: diarrhoea, difficulty breathing, decreased appetite
treatment: vaccination
zoonotic: Yes
Notifiable: Yes

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West Nile fever disease/ symptoms/ treatment/ zoonotic and notifiable?

Symptoms: Reduced mobility, stumbling, weakness.
Treatment: None
Notifiable: Yes
Zoonotic: Yes

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Paramyxovirus disease/ symptoms/ treatment/ zoonotic and notifiable?

Mainly found in pigeons
Symptoms: Green diarrhoea, loss of appetite, reluctance to move
treatment: vaccination
zoonotic: No
Notifiable: Yes

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proventriculus/stomach

creates an acid environment for digestion. elastic organ with thick mucosal lining

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gizzard

mechanical digestion

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duodenum

where digestive enzymes from pancreas and bile from liver are released

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jejunum

runs from the duodenum to close to the egg sac. part of the small intestine

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illeum

runs from the egg sac to the start of the caeca. Part of the intestine

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What prouces processing waste?

Kidney

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What are the kidneys functions? (2)

excretes water and metabolic waste
Regulates PH balance in birds body

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Birds do not produce urine, what do they produce?

Uric acid

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What are the three sections of the cloaca?

Coprodeum- where faeces are stored
urodem- where faeces empty
proctodeum- faeces and urine are excreted in the vent

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What is the function of coprodeum

Faeces is stored

What is the function of the urodeum

Where The ureter empties

What is the function of proctodeum

Where feaces and urine are mixed before being excreted through the vent

What are battery cages?

Housing system for animal production. Mainly for egg laying hens

What are flights?

Large area birds can fly in, usually a walk in

What are free lofts?

Typically for pigeons, outdoor enclosure with shelter, nests around

What are avaries

Large outdoor enclosure, usually a mixed species enclosure

What are mews

Stand alone enclosure completely enclosed

what is a weathing yard

Open area birds safley spend time in for good weather

What substrate do birds need?

bird sand, corn based litter, woodchip/shavings,newspaper

what is used for preening

dirt and sand

what vitamin and mineral do chickens need for healthy eggs?

Calcium and vitamin D3

what is the sternum (breastbone) function?

supports the muscles for raising/lowering wings during flight

What is the function of Tarsometatarsus

extended fusion of the foot bones, useful for running, landing and take off

what is humerus

short and stout, needs to be strong to bear force from wings

what is the supracoracoideus muscle?

Responsible for lifting wings

What does coracoid do

providing structural support to the shoulder girdle.

what is a honey comb structure and why do birds have it?

Makes bones lighter which helps less stress for flying, they also have air sacs that help the birds respiratory system

What does pneumatic mean?

pneumatic refers to bones that are filled with air spaces, making them lightweight yet strong. These pneumatic bones are connected to the bird's respiratory system through air sacs.

What are phallangies?

apart of birds feet and wings

What is keel?

It serves as an attachment point for the powerful flight muscles

what is the uncinate process?

Uncinate processes are bony projections found on the ribs of birds, helps strengthn the ribcage

what are 4 breeding triggers in birds?

seasonality correct enviroment presence of mates nesting materials

What is an example of a chicken diet?

* chicken feed * in the wild seeds, berrys * healthy treats: super mix corn

what parasite causes malaria in penguins and west nile fever in us?

mosquitoes

what parasite can transmit blood borne parasites, causes weightloss, reduced egg production and anemia?

gnats

What is the word when a female and male bird look the same?

Sexual monomorphism

what parasite is caused by feather chewing?

lice

what parasite causes cell debris and scaley beak

mites

What parasite hides in small spaces and causes anemia and weakness mainly in pigeons, raptors and some parrots

dermanyssus (red feather mites)

what parasite can transmit bacteria as well as blood borne parasites and viruses?

ticks

what is wing tip oedema?

when wings become swollen due to fluid from cold temperatures

what makes it hard for birds to breathe?

frounce

what supplements do birds need?

* calcium * vitamin D3 and magnesium

what does calcium do?

egg production and bones

what does vitamin d3 and magnesium do for birds?

helps calcium absorption

signs of ill health

* not preening * feather plucking * walking in circles (pacing) * unusual smell or droppings * changes in personality * poor response to stimuli

what beak illnesses are there?

* overgrown * scissors (vit d3 or calcium deficiency) * prognathism

What is jesses? whats it used for?

leather straps used for raptors

what are anklets?

placed on the bird to allow jesses to be looped through

what is a swivel?

metal connecter that allows leash and jesses to move independantly

what is a cloacal kiss?

when roosters and hens rub their cloacas together

what is ovulation

“ The release of a mature Ovum (Yolk) into the Infundibulum”

what are pneumatic bones?

Hollow bones with air spaces in them to help with respiration

How are birds bones adapted for flight?

Birds have a light weight skeleton made up of hollow bones containing air space (honey comb structure) these are called pneumatic bones, they have less bones than most mammals as they are fused together which increases strength and reduces weight

what is the muscle that raises the wing

supercoracoideus- connected to the humerus by a pulley like ligament

what is the pectoral muscle?

provides the downstroke of the wing- connected to a birds sternum (keel)

What is the primary organ of the female reproductive system in birds?

The ovary.

True or False: Most female birds have two functional ovaries.

False, most female birds have only one functional ovary.

Fill in the blank: The structure that transports eggs from the ovary to the cloaca is called the ______.

oviduct.

Which part of the female reproductive system in birds is responsible for the formation of the egg white?

The magnum.

What is the main function of the infundibulum in the bird's female reproductive system?

To capture the ovulated egg and begin fertilization.

What is the first stage in the process of egg formation in birds?

The first stage is the development of the yolk in the ovary.

True or False: The egg white is formed before the yolk in birds.

False.

Fill in the blank: The structure that surrounds the yolk and provides nutrients is called the _____.

vitelline membrane.

What is the role of the oviduct in egg formation?

The oviduct is where the egg white, membranes, and shell are added to the yolk.

Which part of the bird's reproductive system is responsible for shell formation?

The shell gland (also known as the isthmus).

Multiple Choice: What is the last stage of egg formation?

Formation of the eggshell.

How long does it typically take for a bird egg to form from yolk to laying?

It typically takes about 24 to 26 hours.

True or False: All bird species have the same egg formation process.

False.

What is the term for the process of laying eggs?

Oviposition.

In which part of the bird's body is the egg fertilized?

In the infundibulum, which is the first part of the oviduct.

What is the primary organ responsible for excretion in birds?

Kidneys

True or False: Birds have a bladder for storing urine.

False

Fill in the blank: The waste product excreted by birds is primarily _____ acid.

uric

What is the function of the cloaca in birds?

It serves as a common opening for the excretory, reproductive, and digestive systems.

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a part of the bird excretory system? A) Kidneys B) Ureters C) Bladder D) Cloaca

C) Bladder

What adaptation helps birds conserve water during excretion?

The production of uric acid instead of urea.

True or False: Bird urine is produced in liquid form.

False

What is the role of the ureters in birds?

They transport urine from the kidneys to the cloaca.

Short Answer: How do birds eliminate solid waste?

Through the cloaca along with uric acid.

What is the significance of the excretory system in birds for flight?

It helps minimize body weight by excreting waste as a solid paste.

Whats the process off chickens laying eggs

* start at ovary * egg is realised in the infudbulum * site where egg could be fertilised if sperm is present- magnum * the ovum is coated in albumin (egg white)-isthimus * inner and outer membranes are coated in egg white- shell gland * calcification of egg takes place- takes 20 hours * stored sperm is realised from the vagina to lay the egg * gives birth