Aqautics

Question 1

What are the 3 classes of fish?

Answer 1

Agnatga, ostiechthyes, chordrichthyes

Question 2

Features of agnatha and give a example fish

Answer 2

Jawless fish, no paired fins, worm like, no stomach (have distinct gut. Examples include hagfish and lampreys

Question 3

Features of ostiechthyes and examplee

Answer 3

Bony fish, spindle, oval and flattened shaped, some have lungs examples include lobe finned and ray finned

Question 4

Features of chordrichtyes fish and examples

Answer 4

Cartilagious fish (Jawed vertebrates), paired fins and scales, no swim bladder, eggs or live young, skeleton made up of cartilage

Question 5

Name all 6 fins fish have and their function

Answer 5

Dorsal- used for stability
Adipose- improves ability to move in turbulent water (not all fish have it)
Caudal- used for forward propulsion and steering
Anal- single centrally placed for stability
Pelvic- paired fins used for stability and for stopping
Pectoral- paired fins used for turning left and right and contracting depth

Question 6

What is a lateral line?

Answer 6

A sensory system made up of mechanoreceptors (which is a sense organ that detects mechanical stimuli) called neuromasts. These neuromasts detect movement and pressure changes. Simple definiton- how fish feel their environment, they used it for detecting food, avoiding prey

Question 7

How many lateral lines do fish have?

Answer 7

They have 2 on each side of their body

Question 8

why do fish need mucus?

Answer 8

nest building
Used as a defense for predators
Reduces drag
Helps gas exchange
Protects languish in dry seasons

Question 9

what are the 6 different types of fish mouths

Answer 9

Superior mouth - Orentated upwards. They are usually surface feeders

Inferior mouth- orientated downwards, usually bottom feeders eg catfish

Terminal mouth- straight forward, mouth is in middle of the head, midwater fish and feed on other fish eg barbs

Elongated mouth- elongated snout used to access small crevices or dig through substrate. Eg pencil fish

Sucker mouths- used to suck algae off objects and substrate eg catfish

Beak like mouth- teeth fused together eg parrot fish

Question 10

dentition

Answer 10

The type, number and arrangement of teeth

Question 11

what is the function of livers and production of bile

Answer 11

all fish have livers. It is the storage of vitamins and minerals. The production of bile aids digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine

Question 12

what is fish mucus

Answer 12

The outer skin (epidermis) contains mucus glands which secrete mucus which gives fish their slippery feeling

Question 13

what is fish mucus

Answer 13

The outer skin (epidermis) contains mucus glands which secrete mucus which gives fish their slippery feeling

Question 14

What makes fish shiny?

Answer 14

Guanine

Question 15

what’s involved with water quality?

Answer 15

refers to levels of physical particulates (dirt, waste ect) chemical balance (nitrogen cycle, toxins) ph, and microorganisms present in the water

Question 16

why is tap water bad for aquariums

Answer 16

Contains chlorine and chloramine (e pathogens in potable water) it causes gills to corrode making them less efficient.

Question 17

how can you make tap water safe?

Answer 17

must be removed with dechlorinator or left exposed for at least 24 hours

Question 18

what are the 4 pollutants harmful in tanks in order

Answer 18

Ammonia
Nitrite
Nitrate
Phosphate

Question 19

whats ammonia normal level (nh3)

Answer 19

0.0-0.25mg/L
Should have no ammonia when it’s been cycled

Question 20

what is nitrite level and consequences if it is in a tank (no2)

Answer 20

kills fish, gasping for oxygen, death by suffocation, needs to be level 0

Question 21

Nitrate level

Answer 21

Normal level 0-40mg/L
Nitrate encourages algae so needs to be low
Less toxic then ammonia and nitrite

Question 22

Nitrate level

Answer 22

Normal level 0-40mg/L
Nitrate encourages algae so needs to be low
Less toxic then ammonia and nitrite

Question 23

Phosphate- faeces

Answer 23

From tap water and fish waste
Lots of exposure to light (daylight or light tubes) and infrequent water changes
Solve: clean filter and media, do a water change and add plants

Question 24

Phosphate- faeces

Answer 24

From tap water and fish waste
Lots of exposure to light (daylight or light tubes) and infrequent water changes
Solve: clean filter and media, do a water change and add plants

Question 25

How do gills work

Answer 25

Fish breathe through gills
Gpercular are flaps are skin that protect the gills
Water leaves through the operculum
Water flows over the gills
Water flows in through the mouth

Question 26

What’s the function of fish scales

Answer 26

For protection from predation, helps injuries from other fish and objects helps avoid parasites and reduces drag

Question 27

What’s the function of fish scales

Answer 27

For protection from predation, helps injuries from other fish and objects helps avoid parasites and reduces drag

Question 28

How do you clean a tank

Answer 28

Move fish
Turn off equipment
Clean gravel with a gravel vacuum
Remove algae with sponge
Remove water 15% each week or 25% every fortnight
Clean filter media with old water to keep bacteria
Add new water prepared separately dechlorinated
Turn equipment back on when it’s all done, check fish behaviour, lights switch on

Question 29

How do you clean a tank

Answer 29

Move fish
Turn off equipment
Clean gravel with a gravel vacuum
Remove algae with sponge
Remove water 15% each week or 25% every fortnight
Clean filter media with old water to keep bacteria
Add new water prepared separately dechlorinated
Turn equipment back on when it’s all done, check fish behaviour, lights switch on

Question 30

What is a bacteria disease/ symptoms and treatment

Answer 30

Fin rot/ symptoms- torn fins, swelling and redness/ treatment: medication, isolated tank, regular water changes

Question 31

What is a fungi disease/ symptoms and treatment

Answer 31

Cotton wool disease/ symptoms: fluffy white patches, loss os appetite/ treatment: isolation, medication

Question 32

what is a nematode disease/ symptoms and treatment

Answer 32

camallanus/ symptoms: thread like worms from anus, loss of appetite/ treatment: medication

Question 33

What are the protozoa diseases /symptoms and treatments (3 IN TOTAL)

Answer 33

Trichodina/ symptoms: scales and gill damage, excessive mucus/ treatment: salt baths and high quality food

ich (white spot)/ symptoms: raised white spots, gasping at water surface, scraping body on objects/ treatments: medication and quarantine new fish and plants

costia/ symptoms: excessive mucus, grey patches/ treatment: medication, quarantine new fish.

Question 34

what is a digenea/monogae disease/ symptoms/ treatments

Answer 34

flukes/ symptoms: irritation, monogae causes weight loss/ treatment: medication

Question 35

what is the ph optimum range

Answer 35

7.5

Question 36

what issues can happen if ph temp is not correct

Answer 36

stress to fish, lower oxygen levels, breeding issues, potential diseases like fin rot

Question 37

what are the 4 types of tank set ups

Answer 37

freshwater
saltwater
temperate
brackfish

Question 38

what are the 4 pollutants in an aquarium

Answer 38

nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, ammonia

Question 39

What are the steps of the nitrogen cycle

Answer 39

nitrogen is introduced in fish food, ammonia is excreted by fish, ammonia is converted to nitrite by nitrosomonas, nitrite is converted to nitrate by nitrobacter, nitrate is used by the plants as a fertiliser, ammonia is then produced by decomposing organic debris (food and plants)

Question 40

What are the benefits of live plants over artificial plants

Answer 40

improves water quality
improves oxygen control
improves algae control