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Level 3 Year 2 > Aqautics > Flashcards

Aqautics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classes of fish?

A

Agnatga, ostiechthyes, chordrichthyes

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2
Q

Features of agnatha and give a example fish

A

Jawless fish, no paired fins, worm like, no stomach (have distinct gut. Examples include hagfish and lampreys

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3
Q

Features of ostiechthyes and examplee

A

Bony fish, spindle, oval and flattened shaped, some have lungs examples include lobe finned and ray finned

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4
Q

Features of chordrichtyes fish and examples

A

Cartilagious fish (Jawed vertebrates), paired fins and scales, no swim bladder, eggs or live young, skeleton made up of cartilage

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5
Q

Name all 6 fins fish have and their function

A

Dorsal- used for stability
Adipose- improves ability to move in turbulent water (not all fish have it)
Caudal- used for forward propulsion and steering
Anal- single centrally placed for stability
Pelvic- paired fins used for stability and for stopping
Pectoral- paired fins used for turning left and right and contracting depth

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6
Q

What is a lateral line?

A

A sensory system made up of mechanoreceptors (which is a sense organ that detects mechanical stimuli) called neuromasts. These neuromasts detect movement and pressure changes. Simple definiton- how fish feel their environment, they used it for detecting food, avoiding prey

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7
Q

How many lateral lines do fish have?

A

They have 2 on each side of their body

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8
Q

why do fish need mucus?

A

nest building
Used as a defense for predators
Reduces drag
Helps gas exchange
Protects languish in dry seasons

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9
Q

what are the 6 different types of fish mouths

A

Superior mouth - Orentated upwards. They are usually surface feeders

Inferior mouth- orientated downwards, usually bottom feeders eg catfish

Terminal mouth- straight forward, mouth is in middle of the head, midwater fish and feed on other fish eg barbs

Elongated mouth- elongated snout used to access small crevices or dig through substrate. Eg pencil fish

Sucker mouths- used to suck algae off objects and substrate eg catfish

Beak like mouth- teeth fused together eg parrot fish

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10
Q

dentition

A

The type, number and arrangement of teeth

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11
Q

what is the function of livers and production of bile

A

all fish have livers. It is the storage of vitamins and minerals. The production of bile aids digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestine

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12
Q

what is fish mucus

A

The outer skin (epidermis) contains mucus glands which secrete mucus which gives fish their slippery feeling

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13
Q

what is fish mucus

A

The outer skin (epidermis) contains mucus glands which secrete mucus which gives fish their slippery feeling

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14
Q

What makes fish shiny?

A

Guanine

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15
Q

what’s involved with water quality?

A

refers to levels of physical particulates (dirt, waste ect) chemical balance (nitrogen cycle, toxins) ph, and microorganisms present in the water

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16
Q

why is tap water bad for aquariums

A

Contains chlorine and chloramine (e pathogens in potable water) it causes gills to corrode making them less efficient.

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17
Q

how can you make tap water safe?

A

must be removed with dechlorinator or left exposed for at least 24 hours

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18
Q

what are the 4 pollutants harmful in tanks in order

A

Ammonia
Nitrite
Nitrate
Phosphate

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19
Q

whats ammonia normal level (nh3)

A

0.0-0.25mg/L
Should have no ammonia when it’s been cycled

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20
Q

what is nitrite level and consequences if it is in a tank (no2)

A

kills fish, gasping for oxygen, death by suffocation, needs to be level 0

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21
Q

Nitrate level

A

Normal level 0-40mg/L
Nitrate encourages algae so needs to be low
Less toxic then ammonia and nitrite

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22
Q

Nitrate level

A

Normal level 0-40mg/L
Nitrate encourages algae so needs to be low
Less toxic then ammonia and nitrite

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23
Q

Phosphate- faeces

A

From tap water and fish waste
Lots of exposure to light (daylight or light tubes) and infrequent water changes
Solve: clean filter and media, do a water change and add plants

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24
Q

Phosphate- faeces

A

From tap water and fish waste
Lots of exposure to light (daylight or light tubes) and infrequent water changes
Solve: clean filter and media, do a water change and add plants

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25
How do gills work
Fish breathe through gills Gpercular are flaps are skin that protect the gills Water leaves through the operculum Water flows over the gills Water flows in through the mouth
26
What's the function of fish scales
For protection from predation, helps injuries from other fish and objects helps avoid parasites and reduces drag
27
What's the function of fish scales
For protection from predation, helps injuries from other fish and objects helps avoid parasites and reduces drag
28
How do you clean a tank
Move fish Turn off equipment Clean gravel with a gravel vacuum Remove algae with sponge Remove water 15% each week or 25% every fortnight Clean filter media with old water to keep bacteria Add new water prepared separately dechlorinated Turn equipment back on when it's all done, check fish behaviour, lights switch on
29
How do you clean a tank
Move fish Turn off equipment Clean gravel with a gravel vacuum Remove algae with sponge Remove water 15% each week or 25% every fortnight Clean filter media with old water to keep bacteria Add new water prepared separately dechlorinated Turn equipment back on when it's all done, check fish behaviour, lights switch on
30
What is a bacteria disease/ symptoms and treatment
Fin rot/ symptoms- torn fins, swelling and redness/ treatment: medication, isolated tank, regular water changes
31
What is a fungi disease/ symptoms and treatment
Cotton wool disease/ symptoms: fluffy white patches, loss os appetite/ treatment: isolation, medication
32
what is a nematode disease/ symptoms and treatment
camallanus/ symptoms: thread like worms from anus, loss of appetite/ treatment: medication
33
What are the protozoa diseases /symptoms and treatments (3 IN TOTAL)
Trichodina/ symptoms: scales and gill damage, excessive mucus/ treatment: salt baths and high quality food ich (white spot)/ symptoms: raised white spots, gasping at water surface, scraping body on objects/ treatments: medication and quarantine new fish and plants costia/ symptoms: excessive mucus, grey patches/ treatment: medication, quarantine new fish.
34
what is a digenea/monogae disease/ symptoms/ treatments
flukes/ symptoms: irritation, monogae causes weight loss/ treatment: medication
35
what is the ph optimum range
7.5
36
what issues can happen if ph temp is not correct
stress to fish, lower oxygen levels, breeding issues, potential diseases like fin rot
37
what are the 4 types of tank set ups
freshwater saltwater temperate brackfish
38
what are the 4 pollutants in an aquarium
nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, ammonia
39
What are the steps of the nitrogen cycle
nitrogen is introduced in fish food, ammonia is excreted by fish, ammonia is converted to nitrite by nitrosomonas, nitrite is converted to nitrate by nitrobacter, nitrate is used by the plants as a fertiliser, ammonia is then produced by decomposing organic debris (food and plants)
40
What are the benefits of live plants over artificial plants
improves water quality improves oxygen control improves algae control
41
What do aqarium records include?
Species and numbers​ Age​ Sex​ Births/deaths​ Arrival date/removal date​ Destination​ Source of new livestock​ Diseases/treatments​ Water change dates​ Water test readings (temperature, date, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, pH)
42
what is Aquarimate?
An app that can be used by private hobbyists as well as professionals (like a mini ZIMS!)​​ Record input​​
43
what are wholesalers?
Wholesalers sell goods in bulk quantities to smaller businesses, often at low prices
44
What are commercial fish farms?
Commercial aquarium fish farms use a variety of breeding methods and equipment in order to supply millions of fish to facilities around the world​
45
What are specialist breeders?
Breed a small number of species but produce large amounts of them
46
What are hobbyists?
Breed for fun not for profit.
47
what are the 4 ways we capture fish from the wild and how?
chase and net- fish are shepherded into a handheld net using a paddle. stop nets are used and fish are picked out by hand hand picked- fish are picked by hand traps- set with bait active netting diving
48
what are the 7 examples of private and public ways you can see fish?
**private**- breeders/suppliers, home/office aqariums, commercial farming (raising fish in cp,,ercial tanks and ponds for the purpose to produce food) **Public- **public aqariums, zoos, pet shops and recreational (fishing lakes, ponds and sports related)
49
what does the zoo licence act 1981 stand for?
The Zoo Licensing Act 1981 is a UK law that regulates zoos to ensure animal welfare, conservation efforts, and public safety through licensing and regular inspections.
50
what does the import of live fish act 1980 stand for?
regulates the import, keeping, and release of live fish, shellfish, and their eggs or milt.
51
pet animals act 1951
regulates the sale of pet animals. It requires anyone keeping a pet shop to obtain a license from the local authority and ensures that animals are kept in suitable conditions, provided with adequate food and drink, and protected from infectious diseases
52
# c considerations to the location of a aqarium
proximity to power proximity to water proximity to light/windows waste disposal passsing traffic/vibrations noise air quality
53
what is egg scattering and what are the pros and cons?
Eggs are released by the female and scattered pros- soil improvement, increased genetic diversity, reduced predator risk cons- limited parental care, competition, enviromental risks
54
what is egg depositors and what are the pros and cons?
Clear away a space (hidden or open) pros- parental care is shown, natural breeding, increased survival rates cons- predator risks, competition
55
what is mouth brooders pros and cons?
A type of egg depositor pros- protection, parental care cons- stress on parents, extra predator risk
56
what is nest building and the pros and cons?
egg depositor, eggs are fertilised externally pros- protection from young, parental care cons- energy consumption, predator risks
57
What is substrate brooding and pros and cons?
egg burying in substrate pros- protection for eggs, increased survival rates cons- poor gas exchange, parental stress (eggs cant be monitored)
58
what is live bearing and pros and cons?
fertilisation is internal cons- no parental care, high energy consumption pros- survival rates higher, genetic diversity
59
what is sequential hermapharites pros and cons?
when an individual changes sex pros- reproductive flexability, population balance cons- vulnerable to diseases, risk of sex change failure
60
what are a few examples of sourcing livestock
* wholesale * importers * farms * specialist breeders * hobbyists
61
What are the 4 aquatic systems and what are their differences
* freshwater * marine * Estuarine Systems * brackfish * salt quantity is different, different resoruces
62
what are the three types of filtration ysed in aquaria
* mechanical - removes solid particles * chemicals- removes dissolved contaminants * biological- relies on beneficial bacteria to break down harmful substances like ammonia and nitrite
63
64
What process does the fish heart go through?
Fish has a single circulatory system * deoxygenated blood from the fishes body enters the heart through the atrium * deoxygenated blood leaves the heart through the ventricle * The blood is oxygenated at the gills * oxygen is then transported around the fishes body and becomes deoxygenated again
65
why do fish need light?
plant life improves oxygen, helps activity of fish, sleep cycle
66
what is the difference between brackfish, freshwater, temperate and marine tanks?
* temperate and freshwater have no salt *freshwater and temperate housed goldfish * marine is more expesive to have, has high salt levels, houses angel fish. * brackfish tanks have a mix of freshwater and salt water, requires carful monitoring, houses pufferfish

Level 3 Year 2 (5 decks)

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