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Physiology and Pharmacology > Autonomic Physiology > Flashcards

Autonomic Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What type of ignals are afferent signals?

A

Sensory

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2
Q

What type of signals are effeent signals?

A

Motor

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3
Q

What is the general function of the sympathetic NS?

A

Orcehestrates stress response and energy consumption - fight or flight

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4
Q

What is the general function of he parasympthetic NS?

A

It’s restorative and energy conserving - rest or digest

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5
Q

How does skin regulate homeostasis?

A

Via thermoregulation by controlling contraction ad relaxation of smooth muscle vasculature

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6
Q

How does the heart regulate homeostasis?

A

Bu changing blood pressure and heart rate

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7
Q

How do the liver and pacreas regulate homostasis?

A

By metabolism of glucoe and lipis

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8
Q

How do the lungs regulate homeostasis?

A

By controllin gbreathing rate hich controls partial pressure of gases in the body and maintains plasma pH

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9
Q

How do the kidneys control homeostasis?

A

Through fluid balance by altering salt levels

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10
Q

What kind of mucles are controlled by the ANS?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle

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11
Q

What controls feedback loops?

A

Internal and external feedback loops

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12
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Control of the internal environmentto maintain life

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13
Q

What are the three componens of homeostasis?

A

The sensory component
The Comparator
The effector

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14
Q

Why do central chemoreceptors measure hydrogen ions?

A

To measure the partial pressure of CO2 in blood

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15
Q

What do peripheral chemoreceptors measure?

A

Oxygen concentration

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16
Q

What happens if receptors send signals of low oxygen to comparators?

A

The effector will stimulate muscles of respiration such as the diaphragm and external intercostals and the intercostals and abdominals

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17
Q

What forms a snpase at the target tissue?

A

The boutons from the axon terminal

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18
Q

What are the charcteristics of sympathetic neurons?

A

Short pre-ganglionic fibres, long post-ganglionic fibres, myelenated pre-ganglionic fbres

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19
Q

What are the characteristics of parasympathetic neurons?

A

Long pre-ganglionic fibres, short post-ganglionic fibres, myelenated pre-ganglionic fibres

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20
Q

What are ganglia?

A

A collection of cells where an AP pases through the synapses

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21
Q

Where do pre-ganglionc fibres arise?

A

In the CNS

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22
Q

What agonist - receptor comination is found at the pre-ganglionic synpase?

A

ACh and nAChR

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23
Q

What agonist-receptor combination is found at the post-ganglionic synpase in the parasympathetic NS?

A

ACh and mAChR

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24
Q

What agonist-receptor combination is found at the post-ganglionic synpase in the sympathetic NS?

A

Adrenaline and adrenoreceptors

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25
Q

What are the types of adrenoreceptors?

A

Alpha 1 and 2, Beta 1 and 2

26
Q

Where are Alpha 1 adrenoreceptors found?

A

In vasculature for vasoconstriction

27
Q

Where are beta 1 adrenoreceptors found?

A

In the heart to increase rate and force of contraction

28
Q

Where is the only place in the sympathetic NS mAChR are found?

A

Sweat glands

29
Q

What does non-adrenergic response mean?

A

It mean it is not caused by ACh or adrenaline

30
Q

What is the function of NANC transmitters?

A

They are coreleased with ACh and adrenaline and modulate the response they bring about

31
Q

What is the function of the NANC, vasoactive intestinal peptide?

A

It slows the rapid relaxation brought about by ACh and NO

32
Q

What branch of the ANS does vasoactive intestinal peptide work on?

A

Parasympathetic

33
Q

What is the action of the NANC, neuropeptide Y?

A

It slows the moderately fast response of noradrenaline that follows the fast contraction of smooth muscle caused by ATP

34
Q

What are the two types of cholinoreceptors?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

35
Q

What is the endogenous agonist of cholinoreceptor?

A

ACh

36
Q

What type of receptor are nAChR?

A

Ligand gated ion channels

37
Q

Where are nAChR found?

A

In gangla, especially type II receptors

38
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

Effector cells of sweat glands in the sypathetic NS and all target tissues of the parasympathetic NS

39
Q

What are the sub-classes of mAChR?

A

M1, M2, M3, M4, M5

40
Q

What kind of receptors are adrenoreceptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors

41
Q

What are the neurotransmitters for adrenoreceptors?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

42
Q

How are adrenoreceptors ranked?

A

In order of the potency of their agonist for both alpha and beta classes

43
Q

What is the order of potency for alpha-adrenoreceptors?

A

Noradrenaline -> adrenaline -> isoprenaline

44
Q

What is the order of potency for beta-adrenoreceptors?

A

Isoprenaline -> adrenaline -> noradrenaline

45
Q

What are the endogenous agonists of adrenoreceptors?

A

Noradrenaline and adrenaline

46
Q

What is the exogenous agonist of adrenoreceptors?

A

Isoprenaline

47
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibres of the sympathtic NS originate?

A

The thoracico-lumbar region

48
Q

Where are the ganglia of the sympathetic NS found?

A

In the paravertebral and prevertebral region

49
Q

Where do the pre-ganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic NS orginate?

A

The cranio-sacral region

50
Q

What are the effects of the sympathetic NS?

A

Bronchodilation, decrease in SA node stimulation, inhibition of digestion, ejaculaton

51
Q

What are the effects of the parasympathetic NS?

A

Bronchoconstriction, decrease SA node stimulation, erection

52
Q

What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the eye?

A

NA
Receptor - alpha 1
Response - Dilation via contraction of radial muscles

53
Q

What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the airway?

A

Neurotransmitter - NA
Receptor - Beta 2
Response - Relaxation

54
Q

What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the heart?

A

Neurotranmitter - NA
Receptor - Beta 1
Response - Increase rate of force and contraction

55
Q

Wat is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response of the sweat glands?

A

Neurotransmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Response - Generalised secretion

56
Q

What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response of the penis?

A

Neurotransmitter - NA
Receptor - Alpha 1
Response - Ejaculation

57
Q

What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the eye?

A

Neurotransmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Response - Constriction via contraction of the sphincter muscles

58
Q

What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the airway?

A

Neurotransmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Response - Contraction

59
Q

What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the heart?

A

Neurotransmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Response - Decrease rate of contraction

60
Q

What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the penis?

A

Neurotranmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Effect - erection

Physiology and Pharmacology (7 decks)

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