Autonomic Physiology Flashcards
What type of ignals are afferent signals?
Sensory
What type of signals are effeent signals?
Motor
What is the general function of the sympathetic NS?
Orcehestrates stress response and energy consumption - fight or flight
What is the general function of he parasympthetic NS?
It’s restorative and energy conserving - rest or digest
How does skin regulate homeostasis?
Via thermoregulation by controlling contraction ad relaxation of smooth muscle vasculature
How does the heart regulate homeostasis?
Bu changing blood pressure and heart rate
How do the liver and pacreas regulate homostasis?
By metabolism of glucoe and lipis
How do the lungs regulate homeostasis?
By controllin gbreathing rate hich controls partial pressure of gases in the body and maintains plasma pH
How do the kidneys control homeostasis?
Through fluid balance by altering salt levels
What kind of mucles are controlled by the ANS?
Cardiac and smooth muscle
What controls feedback loops?
Internal and external feedback loops
What is homeostasis?
Control of the internal environmentto maintain life
What are the three componens of homeostasis?
The sensory component
The Comparator
The effector
Why do central chemoreceptors measure hydrogen ions?
To measure the partial pressure of CO2 in blood
What do peripheral chemoreceptors measure?
Oxygen concentration
What happens if receptors send signals of low oxygen to comparators?
The effector will stimulate muscles of respiration such as the diaphragm and external intercostals and the intercostals and abdominals
What forms a snpase at the target tissue?
The boutons from the axon terminal
What are the charcteristics of sympathetic neurons?
Short pre-ganglionic fibres, long post-ganglionic fibres, myelenated pre-ganglionic fbres
What are the characteristics of parasympathetic neurons?
Long pre-ganglionic fibres, short post-ganglionic fibres, myelenated pre-ganglionic fibres
What are ganglia?
A collection of cells where an AP pases through the synapses
Where do pre-ganglionc fibres arise?
In the CNS
What agonist - receptor comination is found at the pre-ganglionic synpase?
ACh and nAChR
What agonist-receptor combination is found at the post-ganglionic synpase in the parasympathetic NS?
ACh and mAChR
What agonist-receptor combination is found at the post-ganglionic synpase in the sympathetic NS?
Adrenaline and adrenoreceptors
What are the types of adrenoreceptors?
Alpha 1 and 2, Beta 1 and 2
Where are Alpha 1 adrenoreceptors found?
In vasculature for vasoconstriction
Where are beta 1 adrenoreceptors found?
In the heart to increase rate and force of contraction
Where is the only place in the sympathetic NS mAChR are found?
Sweat glands
What does non-adrenergic response mean?
It mean it is not caused by ACh or adrenaline
What is the function of NANC transmitters?
They are coreleased with ACh and adrenaline and modulate the response they bring about
What is the function of the NANC, vasoactive intestinal peptide?
It slows the rapid relaxation brought about by ACh and NO
What branch of the ANS does vasoactive intestinal peptide work on?
Parasympathetic
What is the action of the NANC, neuropeptide Y?
It slows the moderately fast response of noradrenaline that follows the fast contraction of smooth muscle caused by ATP
What are the two types of cholinoreceptors?
Nicotinic and muscarinic
What is the endogenous agonist of cholinoreceptor?
ACh
What type of receptor are nAChR?
Ligand gated ion channels
Where are nAChR found?
In gangla, especially type II receptors
Where are muscarinic receptors found?
Effector cells of sweat glands in the sypathetic NS and all target tissues of the parasympathetic NS
What are the sub-classes of mAChR?
M1, M2, M3, M4, M5
What kind of receptors are adrenoreceptors?
G-protein coupled receptors
What are the neurotransmitters for adrenoreceptors?
Noradrenaline and adrenaline
How are adrenoreceptors ranked?
In order of the potency of their agonist for both alpha and beta classes
What is the order of potency for alpha-adrenoreceptors?
Noradrenaline -> adrenaline -> isoprenaline
What is the order of potency for beta-adrenoreceptors?
Isoprenaline -> adrenaline -> noradrenaline
What are the endogenous agonists of adrenoreceptors?
Noradrenaline and adrenaline
What is the exogenous agonist of adrenoreceptors?
Isoprenaline
Where do the pre-ganglionic fibres of the sympathtic NS originate?
The thoracico-lumbar region
Where are the ganglia of the sympathetic NS found?
In the paravertebral and prevertebral region
Where do the pre-ganglionic fibres of the parasympathetic NS orginate?
The cranio-sacral region
What are the effects of the sympathetic NS?
Bronchodilation, decrease in SA node stimulation, inhibition of digestion, ejaculaton
What are the effects of the parasympathetic NS?
Bronchoconstriction, decrease SA node stimulation, erection
What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the eye?
NA
Receptor - alpha 1
Response - Dilation via contraction of radial muscles
What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the airway?
Neurotransmitter - NA
Receptor - Beta 2
Response - Relaxation
What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the heart?
Neurotranmitter - NA
Receptor - Beta 1
Response - Increase rate of force and contraction
Wat is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response of the sweat glands?
Neurotransmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Response - Generalised secretion
What is the sympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response of the penis?
Neurotransmitter - NA
Receptor - Alpha 1
Response - Ejaculation
What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the eye?
Neurotransmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Response - Constriction via contraction of the sphincter muscles
What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the airway?
Neurotransmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Response - Contraction
What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the heart?
Neurotransmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Response - Decrease rate of contraction
What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter, receptor and response on the penis?
Neurotranmitter - ACh
Receptor - mAChR
Effect - erection
