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Pharmacology Pt. 2 > Autonomic pharmacology > Flashcards

Autonomic pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetyl choline

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2
Q

What are the main neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Epinephrine, norepinephrine

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3
Q

What structure is responsible for protecting the CNS from toxins, chemicals, etc.?

A

The blood-brain barrier

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4
Q

Which division of the nervous system is characterized by ganglia that are located in close proximity to the target organ?

A

Parasympathetic

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5
Q

Which division of the nervous system is characterized by ganglia located near the spinal cord?

A

Sympathetic.

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6
Q

Name the receptor type and neurotransmitter type involved at the preganglionic synapses of all autonomic nerve ganglia.

A

Ach - nicotinic

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7
Q

Somatic motor synapses use ______ receptors and ______ neurotransmitters.

A

Nicotinic, Ach

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8
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands?

A

Norepinephrine

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9
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that innervate with skeletal muscle, blood vessels, and sweat glands? Which receptor is involved?

A

Ach. Muscarinic receptor (muscarinic receptor is always the Ach receptor involved in the post-ganglionic synapse)

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10
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from post-ganglionic parasympathetic neurons that innervate with cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands? Which receptor is involved?

A

Ach. Muscarinic receptor

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11
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation results in pupil and bronchial _________.

A

constriction

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12
Q

The adrenal glands are considered part of the ________ nervous system because _____________.

A

sympathetic because they release epi and norepi

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13
Q

Sympathetic stimulation ________ urination while parasympathetic stimulation ________ urination.

A

inhibits, promotes

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14
Q

Myasthenia gravis is often treated by _______ inhibitors. Name one more treatment method.

A

cholinesterase

Also treated with immune suppressors.

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15
Q

How do you determine is a patient with Myasthenia gravis is having a flaccid vs. spastic paralytic event?

A

Bradycardia and hypersalivation indicates spastic paralysis due to too much Ach. Can also be tested with short-acting Achesterase inhibitor like edrophonium, which will help only the patient in myasthenic crisis (flaccid paralysis).

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16
Q

Which amino acid is the precursor for dopa?

A

Tyrosine.

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17
Q

What does monoamine oxidase do?

A

Degrades monoamine-containing neurotransmitters like epi and norepi and dopamine (as well as serotonin even though it is not a SNS neurotransmitter) after reuptake into the presynaptic neuron.

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18
Q

What results from detrusor muscle relaxation? Which branch of the autonomic nervous system stimulates its relaxation?

A

Detrusor muscle relaxation happens for urine retention (along with sphincter contraction). Sympathetic branch does it.

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19
Q

The first synapse of both the PNS and SNS that release acetylcholine use what type of receptor?

A

Nicotinic

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20
Q

What important class of drugs are Ach agonists/cholinesterase antagonists?

A

Cholinomimetics

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21
Q

What type of paralysis does snake venom cause? What about clostridium botulinum?

A

Depends on the snake. C. Botulinum causes flaccid paralysis.

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22
Q

What causes Myasthenia gravis?

A

Auto Abs that bind to nicotinic Ach receptors on skeletal muscle, causing receptor endocytosis and degradation.

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23
Q

What type of paralysis is a “Myasthenic crisis?”

A

Flaccid

24
Q

What is edrophonium?

A

An anticholinesterase used to determine type of paralysis of a myasthenia gravis patient

25
Q

What is the ingredient in most insecticides? What about nerve gas?

A

Organophosphates (irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors) - nerve gas is the same

26
Q

How is nerve gas/insecticide exposure treated? Name a specific drug.

A

Treated with anticholinergic drugs such as atropine, plus an additional med to help restore cholinesterase activity.

27
Q

Name the four neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system.

A

Dopamine, epi, norepi, acetylcholine

28
Q

What is the pathway for epinephrine synthesis?

A

Tyrosine –> Dopa –> Dopamine –> Norepi –> Epi

29
Q

What is 5-HT?

A

Serotonin

30
Q

Norepinephrine has a higher affinity for ____ receptors whereas epinephrine has a higher affinity for ____ receptors.

A

alpha, beta

31
Q

Why are anti-muscarinic drugs contraindicated in patients with narrow angle glaucoma?

A

Anti-muscarinic drugs relax eye muscles (pupil dilation) and decrease the angle of the duct that drains the aqueous humor and that is bad.

32
Q

Alpha-2 blockers may be used to treat ________.

A

depression

33
Q

refers to the disorder of ANS function that involves the dysfunction of either the SNS or PNS

A

Dysautonomia

34
Q

What is POTS?

A

form of dysautonomia, this leads to an increase heart rate (tachycardia)

35
Q

PNS: effect on the bladder?

A
  • detrusor muscle constricts

- anal sphincter relaxes

36
Q

SNS: effect on the bladder?

A
  • detrusor muscle relaxes

- anal spincter constricts

37
Q

NE in the eye

A

dilates pupil

38
Q

ACH in the eye

A

constricts pupil

39
Q

Bethanechol

A

Ach- muscarinic

GI, bladder contraction

40
Q

Carbachol

A

Ach-muscarinic

pupillary constriction

41
Q

Succinylcholine

A

Ach-nicotinic activated leading to
depolorizing NMJ blocker—-> spastic paralysis
it is used for Pre-op muscle relaxation

42
Q

Tubocurarine

A

Ach nicotinic is blocked leading to
non-depolarizing blocker NMJ—> flaccid paralysis
is used for pre-op muscle relaxation

43
Q

myasthenic crisis

A

flaccid paralysis due to lack of tx

44
Q

cholinergic crisis

A

spastic paralysis due to too much Ach

45
Q

how can we differentiate between a myasthenic or cholinergic crisis?

A

by using Achase inhibitor (like edrophonium) will improve patients that have a myasthenic crisis

46
Q

why is L-Dopa combined with Carbidopa for tx in parkinson?

A

it is used to prevent the decarboxylation of L-Dopa and increasing it chances to pass the brain blood barrier

47
Q

what do antidepressants do?

A

it is to inhibit the catecholamine reuptake leading to higher levels of NTT

48
Q

False transmitters

A

they are molecules that can displace NTT in vesicles leading to their release in the synaptic cleft or degredation

49
Q

Example of a false transmitter

A

tyramine displaces NE leading NE to diffuse out of the presynaptic terminus and resulting in a constriction of blood vessels and increasing blood pressure

“HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS”

50
Q

B1 adrenergic receptor

A

heart

51
Q

B2 adrenergic receptor

A

lungs

52
Q

A1 adrenergic receptors

A

blood vessels

53
Q

A2 adrenergic receptor

A

brain

54
Q

B2 agonist are used for

A

tx of asthma because it will dilate the airways

55
Q

B1 blockers are used to

A

treat hypertension and after a heart attack

Pharmacology Pt. 2 (7 decks)

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