Autonomic Nervous System - Part 1

Question 0

Always functioning in a _____ is inefficient, resulting in

Answer 0

Reactive state

Organ damage, other complications

Question 1

The role of the ANS is to allow the body to respond to _____ and return to homeostatic basis

Answer 1

Stimuli

Question 2

Responses to stimuli can be _____ or

Answer 2

Real, perceived

Question 3

Stimuli that aren’t normally stressful can become very stressful to some people because of

Answer 3

Emotional memory

Question 4

When can ANS response cause end organ damage and dysfunction?

Answer 4

Unregulated/uncontrolled

Question 5

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are

Answer 5

Tightly coupled

Separate but enterwined

Question 6

What are the adrenergic drugs?

Answer 6

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

Question 7

The sympathetic system is almost entirely regulated by?

Answer 7

Adrenergic drugs

Question 8

What are the two ways the SNS can get a fight response?

Answer 8

Upregulate epi/norepinephrine

Remove inputs from the PNS

Question 9

A lack of regulation causes ANS response to be

Answer 9

Maladaptive

Question 10

What are ganglia?

Answer 10

Collections of nerves that are synapsing from pre to post

Question 11

The ANS is organized into

Answer 11

A two nerve system: preganglionic and postganglionic

Question 12

The sympathetic nervous system has _____ preganglionic nerves that come out of the ________ and synapse at the

Answer 12

Short
Spinal cord
Sympathetic chain

Question 13

Where do preganglionic nerves of the SNS originate?

Answer 13

T1 - L2

At the intermedia lateral nuclei

Question 14

Some preganglionic nerves of the SNS synapse at ________ instead of at the sympathetic chain

Answer 14

Adrenal glands

Question 15

The PNS has ______ preganglionic nerves that synapse at ganglion _____ to the end organ

Answer 15

Longer

Close - meaning short postganglionic nerves

Question 16

All pre and postganglionic nerves synapse at ______ and the neurotransmitter of this region is

Answer 16

Ganglia

Acetylcholine

Question 17

At the end organs, the postganglionic neurotransmitter is

Answer 17

Ach - PNS

E, NE - SNS

Question 18

Getting an injection of Ach would upregulate _______ because

Answer 18

Both SNS and PNS

The ganglia themselves are responding

Question 19

Getting Ach to to diffuse into the ganglia is _____ than into end organs and causes the PNS to be more upregulated

Answer 19

Harder

Question 20

How is tyrosine converted into epinephrine?

Answer 20

Tyrosine hydroxylation to DOPA
DOPA to dopamine
Beta hydroxylation to NE
Methylation to epi

Question 21

Where are beta 1 receptors located?

Answer 21

Postsynaptic

On the cells being innervated on the end organ

Question 22

Stimulation of alpha 1 receptors causes smooth muscle

Answer 22

Contraction

Question 23

Alpha 2 receptors are primarily

Answer 23

Presynaptic

Located on postganglionic neurons themselves

Question 24

Stimulation of alpha 2 receptors inhibit the exocytosis of neurotransmitters by

Answer 24

Inhibiting adenylate Cyclades, which decreases calcium

Question 25

A small group of alpha 2 receptors are _______ and found in

Answer 25

Smooth muscle | CNS

Question 26

Postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors found in smooth muscle cause

Answer 26

Constriction

Question 27

Postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors found in the CNS cause

Answer 27

Sedation Decreased sympathetic response Down regulation of NT release Vasodilation

Question 28

Clonidine is a selective alpha 2 agonist that acts as a hypertensive by

Answer 28

Limiting sympathetic outflow

Question 29

Clonidine is a _______ chronotrope

Answer 29

Negative | It slows down the heart

Question 30

By binding to CNS alpha 2 receptors, clonidine decreases both

Answer 30

Anesthetic and analgesic requirements

Question 31

Dexmedetomidine is a _____ clonidine derivative with a _____ affinity for alpha 2 receptors

Answer 31

Lyophilic | Higher

Question 32

Dexmetetomidine tends to only bind to CNS alpha 2 receptors and therefore does not cause

Answer 32

Hypotension It is nonrespiratory depressant

Question 33

Beta 1 receptors are _______ and primarily located on the

Answer 33

Postsynaptic | Heart

Question 34

Beta 1 receptors increase _____ by increasing

Answer 34

Calcium | Adenylate cyclase

Question 35

When located on pacemaker cells, beta 1 receptors can increase

Answer 35

Rate (chronotropic) Conduction (dormotropic) Contraction (inotropic)

Question 36

Beta 2 receptors are ______ and located on

Answer 36

Postsynaptic | Smooth muscles and glands

Question 37

Beta 2 receptors can cause bronchodilator by

Answer 37

Relaxing smooth muscles

Question 38

Drugs that act on beta 2 receptors can be used in people who are hyperkalemic because it stimulates

Answer 38

The Na-K pump to drive K intracellularly

Question 39

Other effects of beta 2 receptors

Answer 39

Gluconeogenesis | Insulin release

Question 40

Phenylephrine is a _____ that causes

Answer 40

Alpha 1 agonist | Vasoconstriction

Question 41

Clonidine and methyldopa are ______ agonists that

Answer 41

Alpha 2 | Decrease CNS NT

Question 42

Epinephrine is an _______ catecholamine

Answer 42

Endogenous

Question 43

Ephedrine is an ______ that causes

Answer 43

Alpha and beta agonist | Tachycardia and vasoconstriction

Question 44

Dopamine acts on _____ and alpha and beta to a

Answer 44

Dopaminergic receptors | Lesser degree

Question 45

Dobutamine acts on _____ and

Answer 45

Beta 1 | Increases rate, conduction, force of contraction

Question 46

Terbucaline and albuterol act on

Answer 46

Beta 2 receptors

Question 47

Direct agonists stimulate

Answer 47

Receptors directly

Question 48

Indirect agonists increase

Answer 48

Endogenous neurotransmitters

Question 49

Indirect agonists increase neurotransmitters in what three ways?

Answer 49

Increase release Decrease uptake Inhibit metabolism

Question 50

How are neurotransmitters broken down?

Answer 50

Reuptake Break down back to tyrosine Destroyed by enzymes Monoamine oxidase

Question 51

Catecholmethyltransferase ______ catecholamines by

Answer 51

Inactivates | Transfer of methyl group

Question 52

Deficiency of these can cause prolonged catecholamine effect?

Answer 52

Catechololmethyltransferase | MAO

Question 53

Potentially violent sympathetic reactions can be seen when indirectly acting agonists are used in conjunction with

Answer 53

MAO inhibitors

Question 54

Review chart at the end of the slides

Answer 54

Go do that