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Physiology I for Anesthesia > Autonomic Nervous System - Part 1 > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System - Part 1 Flashcards

0
Q

Always functioning in a _____ is inefficient, resulting in

A

Reactive state

Organ damage, other complications

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1
Q

The role of the ANS is to allow the body to respond to _____ and return to homeostatic basis

A

Stimuli

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2
Q

Responses to stimuli can be _____ or

A

Real, perceived

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3
Q

Stimuli that aren’t normally stressful can become very stressful to some people because of

A

Emotional memory

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4
Q

When can ANS response cause end organ damage and dysfunction?

A

Unregulated/uncontrolled

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5
Q

The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are

A

Tightly coupled

Separate but enterwined

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6
Q

What are the adrenergic drugs?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Dopamine

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7
Q

The sympathetic system is almost entirely regulated by?

A

Adrenergic drugs

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8
Q

What are the two ways the SNS can get a fight response?

A

Upregulate epi/norepinephrine

Remove inputs from the PNS

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9
Q

A lack of regulation causes ANS response to be

A

Maladaptive

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10
Q

What are ganglia?

A

Collections of nerves that are synapsing from pre to post

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11
Q

The ANS is organized into

A

A two nerve system: preganglionic and postganglionic

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12
Q

The sympathetic nervous system has _____ preganglionic nerves that come out of the ________ and synapse at the

A

Short
Spinal cord
Sympathetic chain

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13
Q

Where do preganglionic nerves of the SNS originate?

A

T1 - L2

At the intermedia lateral nuclei

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14
Q

Some preganglionic nerves of the SNS synapse at ________ instead of at the sympathetic chain

A

Adrenal glands

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15
Q

The PNS has ______ preganglionic nerves that synapse at ganglion _____ to the end organ

A

Longer

Close - meaning short postganglionic nerves

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16
Q

All pre and postganglionic nerves synapse at ______ and the neurotransmitter of this region is

A

Ganglia

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

At the end organs, the postganglionic neurotransmitter is

A

Ach - PNS

E, NE - SNS

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18
Q

Getting an injection of Ach would upregulate _______ because

A

Both SNS and PNS

The ganglia themselves are responding

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19
Q

Getting Ach to to diffuse into the ganglia is _____ than into end organs and causes the PNS to be more upregulated

A

Harder

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20
Q

How is tyrosine converted into epinephrine?

A

Tyrosine hydroxylation to DOPA
DOPA to dopamine
Beta hydroxylation to NE
Methylation to epi

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21
Q

Where are beta 1 receptors located?

A

Postsynaptic

On the cells being innervated on the end organ

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22
Q

Stimulation of alpha 1 receptors causes smooth muscle

A

Contraction

23
Q

Alpha 2 receptors are primarily

A

Presynaptic

Located on postganglionic neurons themselves

24
Q

Stimulation of alpha 2 receptors inhibit the exocytosis of neurotransmitters by

A

Inhibiting adenylate Cyclades, which decreases calcium

25
Q

A small group of alpha 2 receptors are _______ and found in

A

Smooth muscle

CNS

26
Q

Postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors found in smooth muscle cause

A

Constriction

27
Q

Postsynaptic alpha 2 receptors found in the CNS cause

A

Sedation
Decreased sympathetic response
Down regulation of NT release
Vasodilation

28
Q

Clonidine is a selective alpha 2 agonist that acts as a hypertensive by

A

Limiting sympathetic outflow

29
Q

Clonidine is a _______ chronotrope

A

Negative

It slows down the heart

30
Q

By binding to CNS alpha 2 receptors, clonidine decreases both

A

Anesthetic and analgesic requirements

31
Q

Dexmedetomidine is a _____ clonidine derivative with a _____ affinity for alpha 2 receptors

A

Lyophilic

Higher

32
Q

Dexmetetomidine tends to only bind to CNS alpha 2 receptors and therefore does not cause

A

Hypotension

It is nonrespiratory depressant

33
Q

Beta 1 receptors are _______ and primarily located on the

A

Postsynaptic

Heart

34
Q

Beta 1 receptors increase _____ by increasing

A

Calcium

Adenylate cyclase

35
Q

When located on pacemaker cells, beta 1 receptors can increase

A

Rate (chronotropic)
Conduction (dormotropic)
Contraction (inotropic)

36
Q

Beta 2 receptors are ______ and located on

A

Postsynaptic

Smooth muscles and glands

37
Q

Beta 2 receptors can cause bronchodilator by

A

Relaxing smooth muscles

38
Q

Drugs that act on beta 2 receptors can be used in people who are hyperkalemic because it stimulates

A

The Na-K pump to drive K intracellularly

39
Q

Other effects of beta 2 receptors

A

Gluconeogenesis

Insulin release

40
Q

Phenylephrine is a _____ that causes

A

Alpha 1 agonist

Vasoconstriction

41
Q

Clonidine and methyldopa are ______ agonists that

A

Alpha 2

Decrease CNS NT

42
Q

Epinephrine is an _______ catecholamine

A

Endogenous

43
Q

Ephedrine is an ______ that causes

A

Alpha and beta agonist

Tachycardia and vasoconstriction

44
Q

Dopamine acts on _____ and alpha and beta to a

A

Dopaminergic receptors

Lesser degree

45
Q

Dobutamine acts on _____ and

A

Beta 1

Increases rate, conduction, force of contraction

46
Q

Terbucaline and albuterol act on

A

Beta 2 receptors

47
Q

Direct agonists stimulate

A

Receptors directly

48
Q

Indirect agonists increase

A

Endogenous neurotransmitters

49
Q

Indirect agonists increase neurotransmitters in what three ways?

A

Increase release
Decrease uptake
Inhibit metabolism

50
Q

How are neurotransmitters broken down?

A

Reuptake
Break down back to tyrosine
Destroyed by enzymes
Monoamine oxidase

51
Q

Catecholmethyltransferase ______ catecholamines by

A

Inactivates

Transfer of methyl group

52
Q

Deficiency of these can cause prolonged catecholamine effect?

A

Catechololmethyltransferase

MAO

53
Q

Potentially violent sympathetic reactions can be seen when indirectly acting agonists are used in conjunction with

A

MAO inhibitors

54
Q

Review chart at the end of the slides

A

Go do that

Physiology I for Anesthesia (7 decks)

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