03 - Lung Volumes

Question 0

When a volume is not affected by the rate if air movement, it is called

Answer 0

Static lung volume

Question 1

What are volumes?

Answer 1

A single measurement of abstract fragmentation of the lung

Question 2

What is capacity?

Answer 2

Combined volumes

Question 3

What is a normal tidal volume?

Answer 3

Normal breath volume

About 2500-3000 cc

Question 4

How many cc is a normal breath? How much of total lung capacity is that?

Answer 4

400-500 cc

About a tenth or twelfth

Question 5

What is expiration reserve volume? How much is it?

Answer 5

The additional volume that can be forcefully squeezed out after a normal exhalation
About 1100 cc

Question 6

What is residual volume? How much is it?

Answer 6

Volume remaining after forced exhalation.

About 1200 cc

Question 7

What is functional residual capacity?

Answer 7

The volume at the end of a normal TV.

About 2300 cc

Question 8

How is FRC calculated?

Answer 8

FRC = ERV + RV

Question 9

How does the gas that makes up FRC get there?

Answer 9

Gas moves in by diffusion during exhalation

Question 10

How does FRC contribute to efficient gas exchange during apnea?

Answer 10

FRC acts as a reserve during apnea so that patients are less likely to desaturate

Question 11

What is needed in order to have good preoxygenation?

Answer 11

A good seal and adequate time

Question 12

What is the difference between preox for three minutes and three vital capacity breaths?

Answer 12

Longer reserve period in patients who breathe for three minutes because they have more venous oxygen
Arterial oxygen is the same for both

Question 13

What is inspiration reserve volume

Answer 13

Amount that can be inhaled after a TV

About 3000 cc

Question 14

What is inspiration capacity?

Answer 14

Ins capacity = IRV + TV

Question 15

What is vital capacity?

Answer 15

The biggest breath possible

VC = IRV + ERV + TV

Question 16

How is total lung capacity calculated and how much is it?

Answer 16

TLC = IRV + ERV + RV + TV

About 5800 cc

Question 17

If contractility of the lungs/diaphragm or abdominal muscles decreases, forced vital capacity ______________

Answer 17

Decreases

Question 18

What are the two components of expiration?

Answer 18

Active and effort independent

Question 19

What is forced expiration volume (FEV^1)?

Answer 19

The expiration volume in the first second

Question 20

Why is one second chosen for FEV^1?

Answer 20

In one second, 70-80% of air has gotten out of the lungs and can help diagnose obstructive or restrictive lung disease

Question 21

What happens to the following with anesthesia?
FRC
Compliance of the lungs
Airway resistance

Answer 21

FRC decreases
Compliance of the lungs decreases
Airway resistance increases

Question 22

Emphysema _________ the airway, limiting further expiration.

Answer 22

Collapses

Question 23

Patients with obstructive lung disease have a ________ time getting air _______ the lungs in the first second

Answer 23

Harder, out of

Question 24

What is maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)?

Answer 24

The measure of how much motor activity and how well muscles work

Question 25

MVV is measured by taking breaths as

Answer 25

Deep and fast as possible

Question 26

The volume in the lungs where the airway and alveoli begin to collapse is called

Answer 26

Closing capacity

Question 27

Closing capacity normally occurs below the

Answer 27

FRC

Question 28

What factors can increase closing capacity?

Answer 28

Age Smoking Intrinsic lung disease Positioning

Question 29

An FRC ________ can cause collapse.

Answer 29

Below normal

Question 30

What part of the lung is closest to its maximum size?

Answer 30

Toward the apex because there is less weight of lungs

Question 31

Which part of the lungs is easiest to collapse?

Answer 31

The base

Question 32

FRCis the balance of the recoiling forces between

Answer 32

The lung and chest wall The size of the lung at FRC is larger than what it wants to be and the chest wall wants to expand outward

Question 33

FRC can be affected by

Answer 33

``` Body habitus Sex Posture Age Lung disease Diaphragmatic tone ```

Question 34

How does obesity limit lung expansion?

Answer 34

More weight is pushing on the chest wall and abdominal pressure is also increased, which pushes up on the diaphragm

Question 35

Males have larger lung capacities than women. This is not much of an issue because women have

Answer 35

Less oxygen requirement than men

Question 36

Upright people have _______ to help keep pressure away from the lungs.

Answer 36

Gravity

Question 37

Which positions can decrease FRC?

Answer 37

Supine | Trendelenberg

Question 38

As people age, their lung capacity ________ and their closing capacity ________.

Answer 38

Decreases, increases

Question 39

A floppy diaphragm results in

Answer 39

Smaller lung volumes

Question 40

Airway resistance depends on

Answer 40

Fluid and resistance

Question 41

Flow with the lowest resistance

Answer 41

Laminar flow

Question 42

Flow that occurs in large airways

Answer 42

Laminar flow

Question 43

Flow with high resistance

Answer 43

Turbulent flow

Question 44

Flow that results from high flow velocity

Answer 44

Turbulent flow

Question 45

Occurs between laminar and turbulent flow

Answer 45

Transitional flow

Question 46

What is Poiseuille's Law?

Answer 46

Resistance is inversely proportional to radius^4 R = (8nL)/(pi x r^4)

Question 47

What happens to resistance as lung volumes increase?

Answer 47

Resistance decreases

Question 48

_____ of airway resistance comes from the bronchus (medium bronchioles).

Answer 48

80%

Question 49

Why does resistance and turbulent flow increase with emphysema?

Answer 49

The elastic component of the lung is destroyed and radial traction outward is reduced

Question 50

Air. Trapping occurs in patients with

Answer 50

Obstructive lung disease | Chronic obs pulm disease

Question 51

What is air trapping?

Answer 51

The abnormal retention of air in the lungs where it is difficult to exhale completely

Question 52

Two examples of OLD?

Answer 52

Asthma | Brochiolitis obliterans

Question 53

Two examples of COPD?

Answer 53

Emphysema | Chronic bronchitis