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Physiology I for Anesthesia > 03 - Lung Volumes > Flashcards

03 - Lung Volumes Flashcards

0
Q

When a volume is not affected by the rate if air movement, it is called

A

Static lung volume

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1
Q

What are volumes?

A

A single measurement of abstract fragmentation of the lung

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2
Q

What is capacity?

A

Combined volumes

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3
Q

What is a normal tidal volume?

A

Normal breath volume

About 2500-3000 cc

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4
Q

How many cc is a normal breath? How much of total lung capacity is that?

A

400-500 cc

About a tenth or twelfth

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5
Q

What is expiration reserve volume? How much is it?

A

The additional volume that can be forcefully squeezed out after a normal exhalation
About 1100 cc

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6
Q

What is residual volume? How much is it?

A

Volume remaining after forced exhalation.

About 1200 cc

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7
Q

What is functional residual capacity?

A

The volume at the end of a normal TV.

About 2300 cc

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8
Q

How is FRC calculated?

A

FRC = ERV + RV

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9
Q

How does the gas that makes up FRC get there?

A

Gas moves in by diffusion during exhalation

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10
Q

How does FRC contribute to efficient gas exchange during apnea?

A

FRC acts as a reserve during apnea so that patients are less likely to desaturate

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11
Q

What is needed in order to have good preoxygenation?

A

A good seal and adequate time

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12
Q

What is the difference between preox for three minutes and three vital capacity breaths?

A

Longer reserve period in patients who breathe for three minutes because they have more venous oxygen
Arterial oxygen is the same for both

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13
Q

What is inspiration reserve volume

A

Amount that can be inhaled after a TV

About 3000 cc

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14
Q

What is inspiration capacity?

A

Ins capacity = IRV + TV

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15
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The biggest breath possible

VC = IRV + ERV + TV

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16
Q

How is total lung capacity calculated and how much is it?

A

TLC = IRV + ERV + RV + TV

About 5800 cc

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17
Q

If contractility of the lungs/diaphragm or abdominal muscles decreases, forced vital capacity ______________

A

Decreases

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18
Q

What are the two components of expiration?

A

Active and effort independent

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19
Q

What is forced expiration volume (FEV^1)?

A

The expiration volume in the first second

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20
Q

Why is one second chosen for FEV^1?

A

In one second, 70-80% of air has gotten out of the lungs and can help diagnose obstructive or restrictive lung disease

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21
Q

What happens to the following with anesthesia?
FRC
Compliance of the lungs
Airway resistance

A

FRC decreases
Compliance of the lungs decreases
Airway resistance increases

22
Q

Emphysema _________ the airway, limiting further expiration.

A

Collapses

23
Q

Patients with obstructive lung disease have a ________ time getting air _______ the lungs in the first second

A

Harder, out of

24
Q

What is maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV)?

A

The measure of how much motor activity and how well muscles work

25
Q

MVV is measured by taking breaths as

A

Deep and fast as possible

26
Q

The volume in the lungs where the airway and alveoli begin to collapse is called

A

Closing capacity

27
Q

Closing capacity normally occurs below the

A

FRC

28
Q

What factors can increase closing capacity?

A

Age
Smoking
Intrinsic lung disease
Positioning

29
Q

An FRC ________ can cause collapse.

A

Below normal

30
Q

What part of the lung is closest to its maximum size?

A

Toward the apex because there is less weight of lungs

31
Q

Which part of the lungs is easiest to collapse?

A

The base

32
Q

FRCis the balance of the recoiling forces between

A

The lung and chest wall

The size of the lung at FRC is larger than what it wants to be and the chest wall wants to expand outward

33
Q

FRC can be affected by

A 
Body habitus
Sex
Posture
Age
Lung disease
Diaphragmatic tone
34
Q

How does obesity limit lung expansion?

A

More weight is pushing on the chest wall and abdominal pressure is also increased, which pushes up on the diaphragm

35
Q

Males have larger lung capacities than women. This is not much of an issue because women have

A

Less oxygen requirement than men

36
Q

Upright people have _______ to help keep pressure away from the lungs.

A

Gravity

37
Q

Which positions can decrease FRC?

A

Supine

Trendelenberg

38
Q

As people age, their lung capacity ________ and their closing capacity ________.

A

Decreases, increases

39
Q

A floppy diaphragm results in

A

Smaller lung volumes

40
Q

Airway resistance depends on

A

Fluid and resistance

41
Q

Flow with the lowest resistance

A

Laminar flow

42
Q

Flow that occurs in large airways

A

Laminar flow

43
Q

Flow with high resistance

A

Turbulent flow

44
Q

Flow that results from high flow velocity

A

Turbulent flow

45
Q

Occurs between laminar and turbulent flow

A

Transitional flow

46
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A

Resistance is inversely proportional to radius^4

R = (8nL)/(pi x r^4)

47
Q

What happens to resistance as lung volumes increase?

A

Resistance decreases

48
Q

_____ of airway resistance comes from the bronchus (medium bronchioles).

A

80%

49
Q

Why does resistance and turbulent flow increase with emphysema?

A

The elastic component of the lung is destroyed and radial traction outward is reduced

50
Q

Air. Trapping occurs in patients with

A

Obstructive lung disease

Chronic obs pulm disease

51
Q

What is air trapping?

A

The abnormal retention of air in the lungs where it is difficult to exhale completely

52
Q

Two examples of OLD?

A

Asthma

Brochiolitis obliterans

53
Q

Two examples of COPD?

A

Emphysema

Chronic bronchitis

Physiology I for Anesthesia (7 decks)

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