Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

what does the ANS control

Answer 1

involuntary actions - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and various glands

Question 2

what are the 2 divisions of the ANS

Answer 2

sympathetic NS, parasympathetic NS

Question 3

where are the cell bodies or pre-ganglionic neurons in the parasympathetic division?

Answer 3

CN 3,7,9 (head structures) , CN 10 (thoracic and abdominal organs), S2,3,4, (perlvic organs)

Question 4

where are the cell bodies of the pre-ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic divison?

Answer 4

thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord T1-L2

Question 5

what is the structure and organisation of the neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 5

long pre-gang neuron, short post-gang neuron, ganglion near or in effector organ

Question 6

what is the structure and organisation of the neurons in the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

pre- and post- gang neurons similar in length, synapse in sympathetic chain or one of the collateral (or pre-vertebral) ganglia or in the adrenal medulla

Question 7

what is the functions of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 7

discrete actions on single organs in the body core (salivary gland, heart) and conservative anabolic effects (storing energy, digestion, slowing heart)

Question 8

what is the general function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 8

more widespread actions often affecting the whole body

Question 9

what are the functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 9

distribution of sympathetic nerves, circulating adrenaline, homeostasis (blood pressure, thermoregulation) , fight flight or fright (meeting demands of active muscle and anxiety)

Question 10

what system is the adrenal medulla part of?

Answer 10

the sympathetic nervous system

Question 11

what parts of the body does the ANS effect?

Answer 11

smooth muscle (blood vessels in various parts of the body, bronchi and bronchioles) , heart (gastro-intestinal tract, rate and force of contraction) , glands (salivary glands, gastro-intestinal glands and sweat glands) , metabolism

Question 12

what does the ANS not control?

Answer 12

breathing

Question 13

what does (nor)adrenaline cause?

Answer 13

contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels (vaso-constriction) and relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle (bronchodilation)

Question 14

what does the alpha ANS receptor do?

Answer 14

contraction of smooth muscle

Question 15

what does the beta ANS receptors do?

Answer 15

relaxation of smooth muscle, increase heart rate and force of heart contraction, beta-blockers, block beta-1 receptors only so their effects are restricted to the heart

Question 16

what is adrenaline commonly used as?

Answer 16

a vasoconstrictor

Question 17

what are the cholinergic receptors?

Answer 17

muscarinic receptor and nicotinic receptors

Question 18

what are adrenergic receptors

Answer 18

alpha and beta receptors

Question 19

where are muscarinic receptors

Answer 19

post-gang, neuro effector junctions and blocked by atropine

Question 20

where are nicotinic receptors?

Answer 20

pre-gang and post-gang neuron synpases and neuromuscular junctions

Question 21

what structures receive sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

Answer 21

many organs in head, thorax, abdomen and pelvis

Question 22

how is control established between parasympathetic and sympathetic nerves

Answer 22

balancing their activity

Question 23

what nerve supply do blood vessels and glands in the periphery receive?

Answer 23

sympathetic only

Question 24

in relation to heart rate what does the parasympathetic nerves do?

Answer 24

decrease heart rate

Question 25

in relation to hear rate what do the sympathetic nerves do

Answer 25

increase heart rate

Question 26

how is control in blood vessel diameter achieved?

Answer 26

by varying activity in the sympathetic nerves (sympathetic tone)