Autonomic Nervous System

Question 1

Sympathetic/parasympathetic nerve roots

Answer 1

S: T1-L3, synapse early. P:3, 7, 9, 10. synapse closer to the site of action.

Question 2

What type of neurotransmitter in baroreceptor afferents?

Answer 2

glutamate

Question 3

Which nerve transmits from aortic baroreceptor

Answer 3

vagus

Question 4

Which nerve transmits from carotid body/sinus

Answer 4

glossopharyngeal

Question 5

Which neurotransmitter is released by sympathetics stimulating the heart?

Answer 5

norepinephrine

Question 6

Which neurotransmitter is released by parasympathetics stimulating the heart?

Answer 6

acetylcholine

Question 7

Where do the baroreceptor afferents synapse? Where do the sympathetic and parasympathetic efferents emerge respectively?

Answer 7

nucleus solitarius in the caudal medulla. Rostral medulla, nucleus ambiguas.

Question 8

Which type of neurotransmitter is used in the ganglia?

Answer 8

acetylcholine

Question 9

Adrenonergic

Answer 9

binds catecholamines

Question 10

NANC

Answer 10

non adernergic non cholinergic. relase purines or peptides.

Question 11

In which part of the brain stem to the sympathetics originate?

Answer 11

The RVLM rostroventrolateral medulla

Question 12

In what part of the brain stem do the parasympathetics originate?

Answer 12

the nucleus ambiguous.

Question 13

What types of receptors are in the autonomic ganglia?

Answer 13

nicotinic receptors

Question 14

What type of neurotransmitter is release by sympathetics stimulating the renal vasculature and the skin/sweat glands?

Answer 14

dopamine and acetylcholine respectively.

Question 15

Cholinergic transmitter synthesis and secretion

Answer 15

choline actively pumped into cell, fused with acetyl-coA by transferase and moved into vesicle. Exocytosis induced by calcium. Acetylcholine esterase degrades in the synaptic space.

Question 16

Noradernergic transmitter synthesis and secretion

Answer 16

tyrosine is actively pumped into the neuron, where it is transformed into DOPA, which is transformed into dopamine, which is transferred into a vesicle and transformed into norepinephrine, which is then exocytosed when calcium influxes. NE is both degraded an pumped back in

Question 17

alpha 1 receptor locations

Answer 17

vascular smooth muscle, glands.

Question 18

alpha 1 receptor mechanisms of action

Answer 18

Gq protein causes rise in IP3 and DAG, casing increasing in calcium leading to secretion and muscle contraction. GENERALLY CONSTIRCT

Question 19

alpha 2 receptor locations

Answer 19

nerve endings, some smooth muscle

Question 20

alpha 2 mechanisms of action

Answer 20

Gi receptor causes a drop in cAMP, leading to neurotransmitter release block? and smooth muscle contraction

Question 21

beta 1 receptor locations

Answer 21

cardiac muscle, JGA

Question 22

beta 1 receptor mechanisms of action

Answer 22

bind to Gs leading to an increase in cAMP which causes an increase in HR and contractility. In the kidney causes renin release.

Question 23

Beta 2 receptor locations

Answer 23

bronchiolar smooth muscle, liver, heart. GENERALLY DILATE, relax

Question 24

beta 2 receptor mechanism of action

Answer 24

Gs receptor leads to increase in cAMP which relaxes smooth muscle, increases glycogenolysis, increases hr and contractility

Question 25

beta 3 receptor locations and actions

Answer 25

Gs receptor in adipocytes causes increase in cAMP leading to lipolysis.

Question 26

Dopamine receptor locations and actions

Answer 26

dopamine receptors in the kidneys relax SM in renal arterioles by way of Gs increasing cAMP

Question 27

What is the base molecule for adrenergic molecules

Answer 27

tyrosine.

Question 28

Aceythcholine structure

Answer 28

(CH3)COOC2(N(CH3)3)

Question 29

Production of acetylecholine

Answer 29

choline is transported into the cell and fused with acetyl CoA to make acetyle choline. It is then moved into synaptic vesicles and transported to the synaptic cleft where it is extruded. Acetylcholinesterases rapidly breack down acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft, allowing acetate to disassociate and choline to be reuptaken by the cell

Question 30

M1 receptor

Answer 30

Parasympathethic nerve endings, Gq 2nd messenger, activates myenteric system

Question 31

M2 receptors

Answer 31

Located in the heart, some nerve endings, Gi coupled (cAMP down, activat K+ channels). Slow the SA node

Question 32

M3 receptors

Answer 32

Smooth muscle, glands, endothelium. Gq, contract detrusor muscle, increase salivation

Question 33

Nn receptors

Answer 33

All ANS ganglia, Na-K ion channel, Depolarized postganglionic neurons

Question 34

Nm receptors

Answer 34

neuro-muscular junction, Na channel, Depolarizes muscle cells, evokes AP and contraction

Question 35

Excessive cholinergic stimulation causes:

Answer 35

diarrhea, urination, miosis, bronchorrhea, bradycardia, exictation of skeletal muscles(paralysis) +emesis, lacrimation, salivation, sweating

Question 36

Reduced cholinergic output causes:

Answer 36

blurry vision, dilated pupils, hyperthermia, dry skin, erythema, hallucinations, coma, memory loss, tachycardia. (blind as a bat, mad as a hatter, red as a beet, dry as a bone, hot as a hare).