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Physiology 209 > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the autonoic nervous sytem control?

A

the visceral organs

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2
Q

What is the goal of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Concerned with the maintenance of homeostasis

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3
Q

What are the three division of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic system
  2. Parasympathetic system
  3. Enteric System
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4
Q

How ar ethe parasympathetic and sympathetic systems related?

A

Both of these systems are outputs that come out from the CNS and work together to maintain homeostasis

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5
Q

T/F:The parasympathetic and sympathetic systems typically do the opposite?

A

True

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6
Q

Where is the enteric system and what does it do?

A

Lines the entire digestive tract and controls the contractions of the GI tract and secretion of susbtances into the GI tract

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7
Q

When is the sympathetic system activated?

A

During fight or flight situations

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8
Q

When is the parasympathetic system activated?

A

When you are resting

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9
Q

What does the sympathetic system cause?

A

-Increased heart rate
-Pupil dilation
Sweating

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10
Q

What does the parasympathetic system cause?

A

-Increased contraction in the digestive tract
-Slows down heart rate
-Slows breathing

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11
Q

Are the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems always active?

A

Yes, but one can be more active during specific situations

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12
Q

What are the two neurons of the sympathetic system?

A
  1. Preganglionic neuron
  2. Postganglionic neuron
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13
Q

Where does the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system originate and where deos its axon exit?

A

-Originates in the middle of the gray matter of the spinal cord
-Axon exits through the ventral root of the spinal cord and then synapses with the postganglionic neuron

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14
Q

Where is the postganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system located and describe the axon?

A

-Originates just outside the spinal cord
-Long axon extend to the target

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15
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Organized cluster of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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16
Q

What is the sympathetic ganglia and where is it located?

A

Located at the postganglionic neuron

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17
Q

What portions of the spinal cord are the preganglionic sympathetic neurons located?

A

Lumbar and thoracic

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18
Q

WHat axons share the ventral root with the axons of the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system?

A

Motor neuron axons

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19
Q

Describe the sympathetic ganglia

A

-Run along either side of the spinal cord
-Have connections between them which results in the sympathetic system getting activated all together

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20
Q

Describe what happens when the preganglionic neuron of the sympathetic system fires an action potential?

A
  1. Preganglionic neuron fires an action potential
  2. This will release acetylcholine which will activate nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron dendrites(excitatory)
  3. Ion channels will open and Na+ will flow in and depolarize the neuron and then it will fire an action potential
  4. Action potential will cause the release of norepinephrine on the target.
  5. Norepinephrine will activate adrenergic receptors on the target and affects the physiology of the target cell
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21
Q

What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?

A
  1. Alpha-adrenergic receptors
  2. Beta-adrenergic receptors
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22
Q

What type of receptors are the adrenergic receptors?

A

Metabotropic since they trigger a biochemical event inside the heart that produces secondary messenger molecules

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23
Q

T/F: The activation of adrenergic receptors by Norepinephrine depend on the type of cell that it targets?

A

True
In the heart it causes the heart rate to increase
In the bronchial tube it causes the smooth muscle to relax (epi pen)

24
Q

Beta-blockers?

A

Prevent nervousness by preventing the binding of norepinephrine to beta adrenergic receptors and preventing increase in heart rate

25
Q

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system originating and where do their axons exit?

A

Brainstem
-Their axons exit through nerves in the brainstem and they are very long and synapse onto the postganglionic neurons

26
Q

Where are the postganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system?

A

-Near the target, has a short axon

27
Q

Are the parasympathetic ganglia lined up ?

A

No, since the postganglionic neurons are at there targets which are all over the body
This means the parasympathetic system is not all activated at once instead it is activated in a more selective way

28
Q

Describe what occurs once the preganglionic neuron of the parasympathetic system fires an action potential?

A
  1. Preganglionic neuron fires an action potential
  2. Releases acetylcholine which binds to nicotinic receptors on the postganglionic neuron
  3. That neuron then fires an action potential which will also release acetylcholine
  4. Acetylcholine will then activate muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (found on visceral organs)
29
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

Metabotropic, activate the production of secondary messenger molecules

30
Q

What is the vagus nerve?

A

Cranial nerve, axon of preganglionic parasympathetic output goes through the nerve

31
Q

How are cardiac contractions affect by the activation of the sympathetic system?

A

-Contractions get larger and faster

32
Q

How are the cardiac contractions affected by the activation of the parasympathetic system?

A

-Contractions slow down and are less forceful

33
Q

Can the enteric system function without inputs from the rest of the nervous system?

A

Yes

34
Q

Who does the enteric system recieve inputs from ?

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems

35
Q

How do the parasympathetic and sympatheitc systems regulate the enteric system during stress?

A

Sympathetic system will be active and enteric system will slow down digestion (can digest food later when the stressor is gone)

36
Q

What does the enteric system do?

A

Controls the contraction of the smooth muscle in thr GI tract

37
Q

How does the enteric system respond to norepinephrine?

A

Since norepinephrine is comparable to the sympatheitc system it will cause the enteric system to contract smooth muscle less

38
Q

How does the enteric system respond to acetylcholine?

A

Since acetylcholine is comparable to the parasympathetic system this will cause the enteric system to contract smooth muscle more

39
Q

What are the two layers of neurons in the intestine?

A
  1. Myenteric plexus
  2. Submucous plexus
40
Q

What does the submucous plexus of neurons control?

A

Regulates the secretion of various digestive enzymes and substances into the inside of the intestine

41
Q

What does the myenteric plexus of neurons do?

A

Innervates the smooth muscle and regulates the contractions

42
Q

What are the two layers of smooth muscle in the small intestine?

A
  1. Circular smooth muscle(contraction of intestine inward)
  2. Longitudinal smooth muscle(contraction of smooth muscle longitudinally)
43
Q

Why does the autonomic system need sensory inputs?

A

Need to know whats going on outside of the body in order to maintain homeostasis inside the body

44
Q

How does sensory information from the visceral organs reach the CNS?

A
  1. Through the vagus nerve
    2.By inputs to the spinal cord
45
Q

What is the role of the brainstem in sensory input and the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. The brainstem integrates visceral sensory inputs and autonomic outputs and project to higher brain centers involved in homeostasis
46
Q

Master controller of homeostasis?

A

Hypothalamus

47
Q

What is a nucleus?

A

Organized cluster of neurons in the CNS

48
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Monitors what is going inside the body and controls homeostasis through three different output pathways

49
Q

What three pathways does the hypothalamus use to maintain homeostasis?

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system
  2. Endocrine system
  3. Behavioural system
50
Q

what are the five basic needs that the hypothalamus regulates?

A
  1. Blood pressure and electrolyte balance
  2. Body temperature
  3. Energy metabolism
  4. reproduction
  5. Emergency response to stress
51
Q

T/F: The hypothalamus regulates the brainstem which is regulating outputs?

A

True

52
Q

How does the hypothalamus work when you are cold?

A

The hypothalamus has a set point of 37 if your body is 35 then the hypothalamus will send outputs to bring body temp. back up. Will communicate with the enodcrine system to release thyroxine. Will communicate with the cerebral cortex to make you feel uncomfortable and motivated to put on a sweater. Will communicate with the autonomic nervous system by making you shiver

53
Q

What happens to the hypothalamus when you have a fever?

A
  1. Set point is increase by immune system to 40
  2. Now you get chills because your body temp. is 37
  3. When you break the fever the set point goes back to 3
  4. Now you have sweats because body temp is still 40
54
Q

What does the amygdala do ?

A

Involved in the connections between feelings and physiological states and their relation to learning

55
Q

Amygdala and cerabral cortex interact with the hypothalamus and autonomic nervous system which relates the visceral responses to concious feelings and connects emotions to memories

A

Yes

56
Q
A

Physiology 209 (9 decks)

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