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PHAY0003 > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between somatic and autonomic?

A 
Somatic = voluntary 
Autonomic = automatic
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2
Q

What is different about the enteric system compared to the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A

It can function fairly independently

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3
Q

Generally, what happens in the autonomic nervous system?

A

Neuronal fibres leaving the CNS make a synapse in the autonomic ganglion. Postganglionic neurons send these fibres to the target tissues

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4
Q

Is it the PNS or SNS that is responsible for fight or flight situations?

A

SNS

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5
Q

What neurotransmitter do both the PNS and SNS preganglionic neurons release into the synapse?

A

Acetylcholine

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6
Q

What receptors are at the postganglionic neurons?

A

Nicotinic

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7
Q

What is the neurotransmitter for the somatic motor system and how does it reach muscle?

A

Acetylcholine, it travels down a single motor neuron to the skeletal muscle where it reaches the neuromuscular junction

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8
Q

What are the 3 transmitters released form the post ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic pathway?

A

Noradrenaline (to organs), adrenaline (to sweat glands) and acetylcholine (to organs)

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9
Q

What is the transmitter released from the post ganglionic neuron in the parasympathetic pathway?

A

Acetylcholine

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10
Q

What is different about the pathway that has adrenaline released from the post ganglionic neuron?

A

The Ach at the synapse is released onto the adrenal medulla which technically isn’t a neuron

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11
Q

Describe the difference in relative location of the ganglia for the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways

A 
Sympathetic = closer to the spinal chord since preganglionic neurons are along the entire length
Parasympathetic = closer to the organs since preganglionic neurons only leave from the brain
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12
Q

In the sympathetic pathway, what is the most common transmitter released from the postganglionic neuron?

A

Noradrenaline

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13
Q

Why are autonomic synapses less direct than somatic synapses?

A

They affect the overall tone of the whole body rather than affecting a specific muscle fibre

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14
Q

What range of heart rate is common if the body is in the parasympathetic tone?

A

<100 bpm

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15
Q

What system is responsible for stopping the dizziness that happens when you stand up suddenly?

A

Sympathetic, it triggers the blood flow to be increased to counter the effects of gravity by constricting muscles in the legs

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16
Q

What are the main functions of the parasympathetic system?

A

Rest and digest, it increases digestion, slows down heart rate and constricts bronchioles in the lungs

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17
Q

What type of receptors are the main target for the parasympathetic system?

A

Muscarinic (acetylcholine)

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18
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

GPCRs

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19
Q

Describe M2 receptors

A

Cardiac, they slow the heartbeat and decrease the cardiac output

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20
Q

Describe M3 receptors

A

Spread in target tissues, increase contraction of lung and GI tract muscles and relax smooth muscles

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21
Q

What is the difference between the synapses in the autonomic nervous system and the neuromuscular junction?

A

Autonomic synapses tend to be in the middle of the axons rather than at axon terminals like in the neuromuscular junction

22
Q

Which neuron in the autonomic nervous system is myelinated?

A

Preganglionic neuron

23
Q

Give 5 things that happen in the parasympathetic system?

A

Pupils constrict, heart rate decreases, increased GI tract activity (dilation of sphincters), bronchoconstriction, bladder contraction

24
Q

Give a non-selective agonist for the parasympathetic pathway

A

Acetylcholine

25
Q

Give a selective muscarinic agonist for the parasympathetic pathway

A

Muscarine

26
Q

Give a muscarinic antagonist

A

Atropine

27
Q

Give a selective nicotinic agonist

A

Nicotine

28
Q

Give a selective nicotinic antagonist

A

Hexamethonium

29
Q

What are the main functions of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Fight or flight, blocks the parasympathetic pathway

30
Q

What is the role of Alpha-2 receptors in the sympathetic pathway?

A

To ensure that too much noradrenaline is not produced, it negatively feeds back into the axon to reduce production

31
Q

Where are alpha2 receptors located?

A

At presynaptic terminals

32
Q

What receptors are activated in the heart by sympathetic neurons?

A

Beta-1

33
Q

How does adrenaline released from the adrenal medulla reach beta-2 receptors?

A

Via the blood stream

34
Q

What receptors are activated by acetylcholine in the sympathetic pathway?

A

M3

35
Q

Give 5 effects of the sympathetic pathway

A

Pupil dilation, increased heart rate, decreased GI activity, blood vessel dilation, sweating

36
Q

Give a beta-1 adrenergic agonist that is in our formularies

A

Atenolol

37
Q

Give a beta-2 agonist that is in our formularies

A

Salbutamol

38
Q

Give 2 non-selective agonists of the sympathetic pathway

A

Adrenaline, pseudoephedrine

39
Q

Give a non-selective antagonist for the sympathetic pathway

A

Propranolol

40
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

A

In the lining of the gut

41
Q

What is the role of the enteric nervous system?

A

To regulate the activity of the intestines (move food towards rectum), local blood flow and glands

42
Q

Why is the gut sometimes referred to as the second brain?

A

The enteric nervous system contains more neurons than the spinal cord

43
Q

What are the names of the 2 clusters of enteric neurons?

A

Submucosal (inner)

Myenteric (outer)

44
Q

How does the enteric nervous system work?

A

Sensory neuron detects stretch of muscle due to bolus. Interneurons report this to neighbouring neurons. Neurons behind the bolus contract smooth muscle (Ach) and neurons ahead relax smooth muscle

45
Q

What hormone is released by the ENS that increases ACh and other NTs to help bolus movement?

A

Serotonin

46
Q

When is dopamine released by the ENS and what does it do?

A

In response to sympathetic activity, it reduces ACh release, stopping the movement of food

47
Q

How does the ENS respond to opioids?

A

Opioids activate mu opioid receptors which stop ACh signalling in the ENS = less smooth muscle contraction.

48
Q

Loperamide is an opioid agonist, what does this help to treat

A

Severe diarrhoea, it slows down the contractions in the gut

49
Q

Why do many drugs cause side effects impacting the gut?

A

The ENS uses many neurotransmitters and so many drugs will have some sort of effect on the ENS

50
Q

What are general visceral afferents (GVAs)?

A

Fibres that relay sensory information e.g blood pressure and stretches in the GI tract, back to the CNS

51
Q

Why is pain often difficult to locate in the gut?

A

Information passing through GVA fibres can enter the spinal cord one or two vertebra above/below where expected

PHAY0003 (22 decks)

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