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PHRM 825 > Autonomic Nervous System 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major neurotransmitters found in the ANS?

A

PS - acetylcholine

SS - norepinephrine/epinephrine

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2
Q

What is the difference between sympathetic control of the sweat glands, kidney, and adrenal glands from other areas of the
sympathetic nervous system?

A

Once acetylcholine activates the nicotinic receptor on the postganglionic neuron, a different neurotransmitter is released depending on the organ.

Sweat glands: if stress related, norepinephrine will be released but if thermo related, acetylcholine will be released.

Kidney: dopamine is key here and produced locally.

Adrenal glands: release epinephrine into systemic circulation.

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3
Q

How is the nervous system divided?

A

Broken down into the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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4
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord.

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5
Q

What are the components of the PNS?

A

Autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SNS).

The ANS regulates smooth, cardiac muscle, lymphoid, some adipose tissues and regulates glands through the SYMPATHETIC and PARASYMPATHETIC.

The SNS controls muscle movement and relays information from our senses to our nervous system.

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6
Q

What are the common phrases for the PARASYMPATHETIC and SYMPATHETIC nervous system?

A

PARA - “rest and digest”

SYMPATHETIC - “fight or flight”

often opposing each other but not always

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7
Q

How many neurons make up an ANS neuron pathway?

A

2 neurons.

First neuron is the preganglionic neuron which is located in the CNS and sends information the peripheral ganglion located in the PNS.

The second neuron is the postganglionic neuron located in the PNS which sends information to the target organ.

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8
Q

What is the primary transmitter of all preganglionic neurons? (SS is included)

A

acetylcholine

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9
Q

What PARASYMPATHETIC receptor does the transmitter acetylcholine activate on the postganglionic neurons?

A

nicotinic receptor

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10
Q

In the ANS, what is the transmitter of all PS postganglionic neurons?

A

acetylcholine

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11
Q

What is the transmitter in most SS postganglionic neurons?

A

norepinephrine

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12
Q

What are the other transmitters in the SNS and their location?

A

acetylcholine is used as a transmitter to sweat glands.

epinephrine is used as a transmitters in the adrenal medulla.

dopamine is used as a transmitter in renal vasculature.

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13
Q

What are the general features for a PARASYMPATHETIC preganglionic neuron?

A

Long.

Create a synapse with postganglionic neurons at or near the organ.

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14
Q

What are the general features for a PARASYMPATHETIC postganglionic neuron?

A

Short.

Create a synapse on the target organ.

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15
Q

What PARASYMPATHETIC receptor does the transmitter acetylcholine activate on the target organ?

A

muscarinic receptors

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16
Q

What are the general features for a SYMPATHETIC preganglionic neuron?

A

Short.

Create a synapse with postganglionic neurons near the spinal cord.

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17
Q

What SYMPATHETIC receptor does the transmitter acetylcholine activate on postganglionic neurons?

A

nicotinic receptors

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18
Q

What are the general features for a SYMPATHETIC postganglionic neuron?

A

Long.

Create a synapse on the target organ.

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19
Q

What SYMPATHETIC receptor does the main transmitter norepinephrine activate on the target organ?

A

adrenergic receptor

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20
Q

Sweat glands are an exception in the SNS. What transmitter does the postganglionic neuron release for stress and for thermoregulation?

A

Stress: norepinephrine

Thermo: acetylcholine

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21
Q

Adrenal glands are an exception in the SNS. Where do the preganglionic neurons synapse at? What transmitter do these neurons release and where does that transmitter bind?

A

Preganglionic neurons synapse at the adrenal gland.

These neurons release acetylcholine.

This transmitter activates nicotinic receptors on the adrenal gland.

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22
Q

After activation of the nicotinic receptors in the adrenal gland, what is released in systemic circulation (blood)?

A

epinephrine

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23
Q

Kidneys are an exception in the SS. What are they affected by?

A

dopamine made locally

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24
Q

How do drugs influence the ANS?

A

They mimic the effects of the two primary neurotransmitters.

PARA: acetylcholine

SYMPATHETIC: norepinephrine/epinephrine

25
Q

What kind of drugs mimic neurotransmitters?

A

Receptor agonist and these drugs active the receptors.

26
Q

What kind of drugs block neurotransmitters?

A

Receptor antagonist and these drugs block the endogenous neurotransmitter from activating receptors.

27
Q

How are drugs classified that mimic acetylcholine in the PS?

A

If drugs mimic acetylcholine in the PS they are known as

cholinergic = muscarinic agonist = parasympathomimetic.

28
Q

How are drugs classified that block acetylcholine in the PS?

A

If drugs block acetylcholine in the PS they are known as

anticholinergic = muscarinic antagonist = parasympatholytic

29
Q

How are drugs classified that mimic norepinephrine in the SS?

A

If drugs mimic norepinephrine in the SS they are known as

adrenergic = adrenergic agonist = sympathomimetic

30
Q

How are drugs classified that block norepinephrine in the SS?

A

If drugs block norepinephrine in the SS they are known as

antiadrenergic = adrenergic antagonist = sympatholytic

31
Q

Organize the major types of neurotransmitter receptors found in the autonomic nervous system based
upon their structure, signal transduction pathways, tissue
distribution, and associated physiologic effects

A
32
Q

Given a specific drug (agonist or antagonist), predict the effects on an organ system or 2nd messenger
formation

A
33
Q

Describe the signal transduction pathways associated with each of the major receptor types found in the
autonomic nervous system

A
34
Q

Describe the major physiological responses under parasympathetic and sympathetic control.

A
35
Q

What is special about nicotinic receptors?

A

They are the only receptor that is a Na+ ion channel.

Made up of 5 subunits.

2 Acetylcholine molecules bind to the nicotinic receptor which opens the channel allowing Na+ to dissolve through.

36
Q

What type of receptors are muscarinic receptors?

A

G-protein coupled receptors.

They have 7 transmembrane domains.

37
Q

Which muscarinic receptors signal via the Gq pathway (AKA excitatory)? What are the results?

A

M1, M3 and M5.

Increased PLCB, Ca2+, and MAP kinases.

Decreased M current.

38
Q

Which muscarinic receptors signal via the Gi pathway (AKA inhibitory)? What are the results?

A

M2 and M4.

Increased MAP kinases and GIRK channels.

Decreased adenylyl cyclase and voltage-operated Ca2+ channels.

39
Q

What pathway does adrenergic receptor subtype a1 signal? What is the result?

A

Via the Gq (excitatory) pathway.

Mobilization of Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Free calcium allows for muscle contractions and enzyme activation. DAG activates protein kinase C.

MEDIATES VASOCONSTRICTION

40
Q

What pathway does adrenergic receptor subtype a2 signal? What is the result?

A

Via the Gi (inhibitory) pathway.

Inhibit adenylyl cyclase, reduced cAMP-dependent protein kinases activity, activate certain K+ channels.

DECREASED TRANSMITTER RELEASE

41
Q

What pathway does adrenergic receptor subtypes B1, B2 and B3 signal? What is the result?

A

Via the Gs (stimulatory) pathway.

Activate adenylyl cyclase, increase cAMP leading to protein kinase activation.

PHOSPHORYLATION OF ION CHANNELS AND OTHER PROTEINS

42
Q

Why are we studying autonomic pharmacology?

A

Many drugs have anticholinergic effects (treating the elderly).

ANS plays a role in regulating BP, heart function and bronchoconstriction/dilation.

There are many adrenergic drugs for BP and cardiovascular diseases.

43
Q

What are the function responses of the heart mediated by the ANS?

A

Adrenergic response: B1 receptor
-Rate of contraction: increase
-Force of contraction: increase

Cholinergic response: M2 receptor
-Rate of contraction: decrease
-Force of contraction: decrease

44
Q

What are the function responses of the cardiovascular system mediated by the ANS?

A

Adrenergic response: a1, a2 and B2
-Arteries: vasoconstriction (a1)
-Veins: vasoconstriction (a1/a2)
-Skeletal muscle: vasodilation (B2)

Cholinergic response: M3
-Endothelium: release EDRF

45
Q

Which site is sympathetic tone predominant?

A

Arterioles, veins and sweat glands.

This means the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine or epinephrine will affect these sites.

46
Q

Which site is parasympathetic tone predominant?

A

Heart, eye-iris, eye-ciliary, GI-tract, bladder and salivary.

This means the release of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine will affect these sites.

47
Q

What are the function responses of the lungs mediated by the ANS?

A

Adrenergic response: B2 receptor
-Bronchiolar smooth muscle: bronchodilation

Cholinergic response: M2/3 receptor
-Bronchiolar smooth muscle: bronchoconstriction

48
Q

What are the function responses of the genitourinary system mediated by the ANS?

A

Adrenergic response:
-Bladder wall: relaxation (B3)
-Ureter: contraction (a1)
-Sphincter: contraction (a1)
-Uterus (prenant): relaxation (B2) contraction (a1)
-Penis/vas deferens: ejaculation (a1)

Cholinergic response: M3 receptor
-Bladder wall: contraction
-Ureter: relaxation
-Sphincter: relaxation
-Uterus (prenant): variable
-Penis/vas deferens: erection

49
Q

What are the function responses of the gastrointestinal tract mediated by the ANS?

A

Adrenergic response:
-Salivary glands: increase secretion (a1)
-Smooth muscle:
WALLS: relaxation (a2,B2)
-Sphincter: contraction (a1)

Cholinergic response: M3 receptor
-Salivary glands: increase secretion (M3)
-Smooth muscle:
WALLS: contraction (M3)
-Sphincter: relaxation (M3)

50
Q

What are the function responses of the skin mediated by the ANS?

A

Adrenergic response:
Skin
-Hair follicles: contraction (a1)
-Smooth muscle: piloerection (a1)
Sweat glands
-Thermoregulation: increased secretion (M3)
-Apocrine (stress): increased secretion (a1)

51
Q

What are the function responses of the metabolic functions mediated by the ANS?

A

Adrenergic response:
Liver
-Glycogenolysis (a1,B1)
-Gluconeogenesis a1, B1)
Fat cells
-Lipolysis (a1, B1,B2,B3)
Kidney
-Increased renin secretion (B1)
Pancreas
-Decrease insulin release (a2)

52
Q

What are the function responses of the eye mediated by the ANS?

A

Adrenergic response:
Iris
-Radial muscle: contraction (a1)
Ciliary muscle: relaxation (B2)
Ciliary epithelium: increased secretion of aqueous humor (B2)
Lacrimal glands: mucus and enzymes (a1)

Cholinergic response: M3 receptor
Iris
-Circular muscle: contraction (M3)
Ciliary muscle: contraction (M3)
Lacrimal glands: tears (watery) (M3)

53
Q

Contrast sympathetic and parasympathetic control of
the eye with particular emphasis on pupillary size, lens refractive power, and aqueous humor production and flow.

A
54
Q

Based upon knowledge of the radial and circular muscles, predict the effects of a given drug on pupillary
size (miosis vs. mydriasis).

A
55
Q

What is important to know about pupillary constriction?

A

Also known as miosis or less light entering the eye.

A circular muscle is constricted by activation of parasympathetic nerves (M3).

56
Q

What is important to know about pupillary dialation?

A

Also known as mydriasis or large amount of light entering the eye.

A radial muscle is constricted by activation of sympathetic nerves (a1).

57
Q

What is glaucoma? What is causing it?

A

The increased intraocular pressure.

Caused by…
-decreased outflow through trabecular network.
-increased secretion form ciliary body epithelium.

58
Q

What are ways to treat glaucoma?

A

M3 agonist (pilocarpine) acting on ciliary muscle.
-contraction facilitates outflow of aqueous humor.
-decreases intraocular pressure.

A2 agonist (brimonidine) acting on ciliary body.
-inhibit production and increase outflow of aqueous humor.
-decrease intraocular pressure.

NE Beta antagonist (timolol) acting on ciliary epithelium.
-secretion of aqueous humor.
-decrease intraocular pressure.

PHRM 825 (13 decks)

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