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Advanced Physiology > Autonomic & Limbic Systems > Flashcards

Autonomic & Limbic Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

A

Control of involuntary bodily functions

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2
Q

Where are the autonomic nuclei found in the brain?

A

Forebrain and brainstem (pons, medulla & hypothalamus)

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3
Q

What systems does the hypothalamus integrate autonomic response with?

A

Limbic (behaviour/emotion/motivations), endocrine (hormonal response), somatic nervous system (motor behaviour to maintain homeostasis)

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4
Q

What are the three vegetative functions regulated by the hypothalamus?

A

Body temperature, fluid/electrolyte volume and blood pressure and feelings of hunger/satiety

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5
Q

What do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems innervate?

A

Cardiac and smooth muscle, glandular tissue and visceral reflexes

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6
Q

What does the enteric system innervate?

A

Digestive reflexes in the gastrointestinal tract

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7
Q

In the somatic & autonomic nervous systems, upper motor neurons in the brain innervate lower motor neurons.
Where are the lower motor neurons located in each system?

A

Somatic: CNS (spinal cord)
Autonomic: Autonomic ganglion

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8
Q

How many synapses occur in the somatic motor pathway and what neurotransmitter is used?

A

One, ACh

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the sympathetic neural pathway

A
  • Sympathetic ganglia located close to the spinal cord
  • Short preganglionic fibres, long postganglionic fibres
  • Mainly adrenergic fibres (preganglionic)
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10
Q

Describe the structure of the parasympathetic neural pathway

A
  • Parasympathetic ganglia located close to the effector tissues
  • Long preganglionic fibres, short postganglionic fibres
  • Mainly cholinergic fibres
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11
Q

What neurotransmitters are used by the sympathetic and parasympathetic neural pathways and where?

A

Both preganglionic: ACh
Sympathetic postganglionic: Norepinephrine & ACh
Parasympathetic postganglionic: ACh

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12
Q

What does the second synapse in the ANS neural pathways allow for?

A

Divergence (stimulating multiple organs/tissues at once)

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13
Q

Describe the relationship between sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic axons

A

Anatomically complimentary, target the same organs (antagonistic)

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14
Q

Where are the three points at which the preganglionic fibres synapse in the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Ganglia of sympathetic chain it enters
  • Ganglia of sympathetic chain higher or lower
  • Peripheral sympathetic ganglia (e.g. deep digestive organs)
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15
Q

What root/ramus do the sympathetic preganglionic nerve fibres exit the spinal cord through?

A

Vemtral root, white ramus

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16
Q

75% of parasympathetic nerves leave the CNS through which nerve?

A

Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X)

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17
Q

Where are parasympathetic postganglionic nerve fibres located?

A

In the walls of organs, containing very short axonal fibres

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18
Q

Neural cells that release norepinephrine are said to be what?

A

Adrenergic neurons

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19
Q

Neural cells that release ACh are said to be what?

A

Cholinergic neurons

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20
Q

What type of neurons are all autonomic preganglionic neurons?

A

Cholinergic neurons

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21
Q

What postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system are cholinergic?

A

Sweat glands, hair cell muscles & some blood vessels

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22
Q

What are the two major classes of receptors ACh binds to?

A

Muscarinic and nicotinic

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23
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

Effector cells

24
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

At synapses between all pre and post ganglionic neurons of the ANS

25
Q

What is the adrenal medulla regulated by?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

26
Q

What is the adrenal cortex regulated by?

A

Pituitary gland secretions

27
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

28
Q

Why does the adrenal medulla secrete hormones into the bloodstream?

A

To generate a whole-system response rather than an organ-specific response

29
Q

True or false: Secretions of the adrenal medulla have the same effect on organs as direct sympathetic innervation, except the effect lasts 5-10 times longer

A

True

30
Q

By what two means are organs simultaneously stimulated?

A

Direct sympathetic neural innervation and indirect sympathetic innervation (medulla)

31
Q

What effects do the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems have on the visual system?

A

Sympathetic: Maximum pupillary dilation
Parasympathetic: Pupillary constriction/dilation, contraction of ciliary muscles to induce accommodation

32
Q

What is the name of the PNS hub for occulomotor activity?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus

33
Q

What is the pathway for accommodation and pupil constriction?

A

1) Information exists eye via optic nerve and splits - half goes to visual cortex (accommodation), half goes to pretectal region (pupil size)
2) Information rejoined in Edinger-Westphal nucleus
3) Preganglionic neuron releases Ach onto nicotinic receptor on postganglionic neuron (ciliary nerve) at parasympathetic ganglion
4) Postganglionic neuron releases ACh onto muscarinic receptor that causes accommodation and pupil constriction

34
Q

How does the parasympathetic system stimulate overall GI activity?

A

By promoting peristalsis and sphincter relaxation

35
Q

What response does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation evoke from the pupil?

A

Sympathetic: Dilation
Parasympathetic: Constriction

36
Q

What response does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation evoke from the ciliary muscle?

A

Sympathetic: Slight relaxation
Parasympathetic: Constriction

37
Q

What response does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation evoke from the glands?

A

Sympathetic: Vasoconstriction/slight secretion
Parasympathetic: Copious secretions

38
Q

What response does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation evoke from the sweat glands?

A

Sympathetic: Copious sweating
Parasympathetic: Sweating palms and hands

39
Q

What response does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation evoke from the blood vessels?

A

Sympathetic: Constriction
Parasympathetic: Little effect

40
Q

What response does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation evoke from the heart?

A

Sympathetic: Increased rate/force
Parasympathetic: Decreased rate/force

41
Q

What response does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation evoke from the lungs (bronchi)?

A

Sympathetic: Dilated
Parasympathetic: Constricted

42
Q

What response does sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation evoke from the gut (lumen)?

A

Sympathetic: Decreased peristalsis
Parasympathetic: Increased peristalsis

43
Q

Where are baroreceptors located and what do they detect?

A

Carotid artery and aortic arch, changes in blood pressure

44
Q

What is the pathway for decreasing blood pressure?

A

1) Baroreceptors in carotid artery and aortic arch detect stretch
2) Stretch causes Na+ gates to open, initiates AP
3) AP causes increased frequency of firing of baroreceptors
4) Info goes from baroreceptors along glossopharangeal/vagus nerve to medulla
5) Cardioaccelatory and vasomotor areas of medulla are inhibited, cardioinhibitory area is stimulated
6) Information goes to brainstem via vagus nerve
7) Preganglionic neuron exits along vagus nerve and binds to postganglionic neuron
8) Postganglionic neuron releases ACh onto nicotinic receptor, innervates heart
9) Heart releases Ach onto muscarinic receptor in sinoatrial node
10) SA node is hyper polarised by opening ligand-gated K+ channels
11) Decreased heart rate/blood pressure

45
Q

What does the limbic system include?

A

Areas of the neural circuitry that control emotional behaviour and motivational drive

46
Q

What systems is the limbic system involved in modulating through integration at the hypothalamus?

A

Autonomic nervous system, endocrine system and vegetative functions

47
Q

What is the difference between an emotion and a feeling?

A

Emotion: Physiological, unconscious response e.g. increased heart rate, sweating
Feeling: Conscious awareness of the emotional response

48
Q

What structures form the limbic system?

A

Hypothalamus, cingulate gyrus, amygdala and basal ganglia

49
Q

What is the general order of an emotional response and how is each element coordinated?

A

1) Unconscious detection of a sensory stimulus: Occurs within prefrontal cortex and cingulate gyrus
2) Peripheral response: Coordinated by hypothalamus and brainstem through modulation of autonomic & endocrine systems
3) Conscious experience (feeling): Coordinated by the amygdala

50
Q

What is the function of the amygdala?

A
  • Coordinates the conscious experience and peripheral expression of emotion based on memory and previous sensory experience
  • Fine tunes the hypothalamus
  • Helps pattern appropriate behaviour
  • Strong fear responses
51
Q

Where are the reward and punishment centres of the limbic system located?

A

Reward: Medial forebrain bundle
Punishment: Midbrain, hypothalamus and thalamus

52
Q

What takes precedence, reward or punishment?

A

Punishment

53
Q

What happens if a sensory experience neither rewards or punishes and the stimulus is repeated?

A

Complete extinction of the cortex response, i.e. no memory tract is formed

54
Q

What happens if a sensory experience either rewards or punishes and the stimulus is repeated?

A

Cortex response becomes increasingly intense, i.e. memory tract is formed

55
Q

What is the function of the hippocampus?

A

Involved in decision-making, conscious memory and conversion of short term (implicit) memories into long term (explicit) memories

56
Q

What is the function of the cingulate gyrus?

A

Transitional zone between the cortex and limbic system, may be an association are for control of behaviour

Advanced Physiology (10 decks)

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