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4th year 1st Sem Reviewers > Automation (Clinical Chemistry) > Flashcards

Automation (Clinical Chemistry) Flashcards

References: CC ni Hyacinth Yambao CC ni Rovie Vila

1
Q

4 analytical techniques

A

• Spectrometry
• Luminescence
• Electroanalytic methods
• Chromatography

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2
Q

has provided scientists with a means to use both qualitative and quantitative methods of measuring analytes in body fluids. (McPherson & Pincus, 2017)

A

Absorption spectroscopy

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3
Q

2 types of Spectroscopy

A
  • Photometric measurement
  • Spectrophotometric measurement
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4
Q

measurement of light intensity without consideration of wavelength

A

Photometric measurement

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5
Q

• measurement of light intensity in a narrower wavelength.
• Spectrum of light

A

Spectrophotometric measurement

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6
Q

It is transmitted by via electromagnetic waves that are characterized by their frequency and waves

A

Energy

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7
Q

It is characterized by waves and frequency

A

Electromagnetic waves

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8
Q

is described as photons of energy traveling in waves—Electromagnetic waves.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

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9
Q

It states that the relationship between wavelength and energy.

A

Planck’s law

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10
Q

It is the number of vibrations of wave motion per second.

A

Frequency

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11
Q

distance between two peaks.
- Lower frequency = Longer wavelength
(Ex. Red)
- Higher frequency = Shorter wavelength (Ex. Violet)

A

Wavelength

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12
Q

Visible: 400 – 700 nm =

A

visible spectrum

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13
Q

<400 nm =

A

ultraviolet region (UV)

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14
Q

> 700 nm =

A

infrared region (IR)

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15
Q

Light source for spectrophotometry

A

Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER)

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16
Q

Who invented the Beer’s law?

A

Lambert and Beer

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17
Q

Describes the relationship between absorption of light by a solution and the concentration of that solution.

A

Beer’s Law

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18
Q

Beer’s law state that the concentration of a substance is _____ proportional to the amount of light absorbed

A

directly

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19
Q

Beer’s law state that the concentration of a substance is _______ proportional to the logarithm of the transmitted light.

A

inversely

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20
Q

It is the light absorbed by the solution

A

Absorbance

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21
Q

Ratio of the incident light and light transmitted.

A

Transmittance

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22
Q
  • Characteristic of a substance to absorb a specific fraction of a specific wavelength
  • Varies from one analyte to another
  • Constant
A

Molar absorptivity

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23
Q
  • Length that the light needs to travel through the solution
  • Dependent on the cuvet
  • Constan
A

Path length

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24
Q

used to measure the light transmitted by a solution to determine the concentration of the light-absorbing substance in the solution.

A

Spectrophotometer

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25
Q

measured through the different components of the spectrophotometer

A

Radiant energy

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26
Q
  • provides the energy that the sample will modify or attenuate by absorption.
  • Provides incident light for the system.
A

Light source

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27
Q

2 types of light source in spectrophotometer

A
  • Continuum source
  • Line source
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28
Q

emits radiation that changes in intensity very slowly as a function of wavelength.

A

Continuum source

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29
Q

Provides a vast array of wavelength – visible to near IR region

A

Incandescent tungsten or tungsten iodide lamp

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30
Q

Alternative for UV spectrum

A

▪ Mercury arc (+ visible)
▪ Deuterium lamp
▪ Hydrogen lamp
▪ Xenon lamp

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31
Q

Spectrum usually used for enzymatic reactions

A

UV spectrum

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32
Q

Alternatives for IR spectrum

A

▪ Tungsten lamp (+visible)
▪ Nernst/ Merst glower
▪ Globar lamp (Si Carbide)

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33
Q

emit a limited number of discrete lines or bands of radiation, each of which spans a limited range of wavelengths

A

Line sources

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34
Q

• minimizes stray light
• prevents the entrance of scattered light
• where light passes through

A

Entrance slit

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35
Q
  • refers to any wavelengths outside the band
  • from the monochromator system
  • absorbance error
A

Stray light

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36
Q

Entrance slit that prevents stray light

A

Nickel sulfate

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37
Q

It is an anti-stray light

A

Cutoff filter

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38
Q

It is 1⁄2 peak transmittance

A

Bandpass

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39
Q

Use to isolate an individual wavelength of light

A

Monochromator

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40
Q

Degree of isolation of the wavelength is affected by the:

A

1) monochromator
2) the width of the entrance
3) exit slits

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41
Q

Produces a monochromatic light based on the principle of constructive interference of waves

A

Colored Glass Filters

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42
Q

when 2 electromagnetic waves meet, synergism will occur

A

Constructive interference

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43
Q

transmit multiples of the desired wavelengths, they require accessory filters to eliminate these harmonic wavelengths.

A

Interference Filter

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44
Q
  • wedge-shaped glass, quartz or sodium chloride.
  • separates white (visible) light into a
    continuous spectrum
A

Prisms

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45
Q
  • most commonly used: better resolution than prism
  • Parallel grooves or slits into an aluminized surface of a plat piece of a crown glass
  • Wavelengths are bent as they pass a
    sharp corner
A

Diffraction Gratings

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46
Q

the separation of light into component wavelengths, is based on the principle that wavelengths bend as they pass a sharp corner

A

Diffraction

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47
Q
  • Controls the width of the light beam (band pass)
  • Allows only a fraction of the spectrum to reach the sample cuvette.
A

Exit slit

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48
Q
  • Also known as analytical cell
  • Holds the solution of which the absorption is to be measured
A

Sample cell/cuvet

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49
Q

2 shapes of Sample cell

A

Round and rectangular cuvets

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50
Q

Why rectangular cuvets are the most common shape used in spectrophotometry?

A

it’s easier to maintain the length of light
or the measurement of the cuvet.

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51
Q

Kinds of sample cell used for visible range

A

Glass cuvette

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52
Q

Kind of cuvette used for UV range

A

Quartz or fused silica

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53
Q

kind of cuvette that is used for 350-2000 nm wavelength

A

Borosilicate

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54
Q

Converts transmitted radiant energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy

A

Photodetector

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55
Q
  • Barrier layer cell/Photovoltaic cell
  • Simplest and least expensive
  • Low sensitivity and fatigue are two
    distinct disadvantages of these cells.
A

Photocell

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56
Q
  • anode and cathode enclosed in a glass tube
  • It gives off electron when light energy
    strikes it.
A

Phototube

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57
Q
  • more sensitive than vacuum phototubes
    but less sensitive than the PMTs
  • multitude of wavelength
A

Phototransistors/photodiode

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58
Q
  • most common type (visible and UV)
  • commonly used when radiant power is very low, which is characteristic of very low-analyte concentrations.
  • highly sensitive to ultraviolet and visible
    radiation
  • amplifies radiant energy (200x sensitive)
A

Photomultiplier Tube (PMT)

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59
Q

Multiplies the radiant energy

A

Dynode

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60
Q

It displays the output of the detection system.

A

Read-out device

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61
Q

implies that a photometer is measuring at the wavelength that it is set to.

A

Wavelength accuracy

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62
Q

can be assessed easily using special glass-type optical filters.

A

Photometric accuracy

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63
Q

performed using glass filters or solutions that have known absorbance values for a specific wavelength.

A

Absorbance check

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64
Q

defined as the ability of a photometric system to yield a linear relationship between the radiant power incident upon its detector and the concentration

A

Linearity

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65
Q

Used to measure concentration by detecting the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules

A

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)

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65
Q

Used to measure concentration by detecting the absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules

A

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS)

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66
Q

Things that are usually measure using AAS

A
  • Al
  • Ca
  • Cu
  • Pb
  • Mg
  • Li
  • Zn
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67
Q

2 types of light source in AAS

A
  • Electrophoresis discharge lamp
  • Hollow-cathode lamp
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68
Q

Light source that consists of bulb filled with argon and the element to be tested

A

ELECTRODELESS DISCHARGE LAMP

69
Q

Light source consists of an evacuated gas-tight chamber containing an anode, a cylindrical cathode, and an inert gas, such as helium or argon

A

HOLLOW-CATHODE LAMP

70
Q

• Modulates the hollow cathode light beam
• Produces pulses of light

A

Beam chopper

71
Q

Delivers a fine spray of sample containing the metallic ion into the flame/cylinder (atomizer)

72
Q

Sample cell of the instrument

A

Flame/Graphite furnace

73
Q
  • Dissociates the solution into its neutral
    and individual atoms
  • produce an individual atom
    out of those that are bound
    together
74
Q

A fuel gas (acetylene) with an oxidizing
agent (compressed air) is burned to
produce the flame

A

FLAME ATOMIZER

75
Q
  • Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
    Doesn’t use flame but graphite furnace
A

ELECTROTHERMAL ATOMIZER –GRAPHITE FURNACE

76
Q

It will be subjected to increasing temperature whereby the samples will start to vaporize – bounded atoms will be liberated from whatever molecule it’s found, forming an atomized sample

A

Graphite cylinder

77
Q
  • Isolate desired emission line from other lamp emission lines
  • Isolates a particular light from the sample that will be delivered to the photodetector
A

Monochromator in AAS

78
Q

Programmed only to detect the pulsating light coming from the atoms

A

Photodetector in AAS

79
Q

Principle of AAS

A

Dissociation (unionized, unexcited, ground state)

80
Q

Preferred internal std Potent antidepressant in AAS

81
Q

Based on an energy exchange process that occurs when certain compounds absorb electromagnetic radiation, become excited, and return to an energy level lower than or equal to their original level

A

Luminescence

82
Q

What are the different types of luminescence?

A

1) Fluorescence
2) Phosphorescence
3) Chemiluminescence

83
Q

What is the principle of Fluorescence?

A

Photoluminescence

84
Q

The emission is basically immediate and therefore generally only visible, if the light source is continuously on

A

Fluorescence

85
Q

What is the principle of Phosphorescence?

A

Photoluminescence

86
Q

characterized when materials can store the absorbed light energy for some time and release light later

A

Phosphorescence

87
Q

emission of light is created from a chemical or electro-chemical reaction and not from absorption of electromagnetic energy

A

Chemiluminescence

88
Q
  • Measures the amount of light emitted by a molecule after
    excitation of electromagnetic radiation
  • Aka Molecular Luminescence Spectroscopy
A

FLUOROMETRY

89
Q

Source of the SHORT WAVE and HIGH ENERGY LIGHT

A

Light source of Fluorometry

90
Q

Intensifies the light from the light source

A

Attenuator

91
Q

Selects the wavelength that will best absorbed by the solution to be measured

A

Monochromator of Fluorometry

92
Q
  • Contains the sample/solution
  • More square-shaped than round
A

Cuvette of Fluorometry

93
Q

Placed on a right angle from the cuvette to avoid incidence light from reaching the detector

A

Secondary/Emission Monochromator

94
Q
  • Converts light energy to its equivalent electrical energy
  • detects the fluorescence light
A

Photodetector of Fluorometry

95
Q

The most common photodetector in Fluorometry

A

Photomultiplier tube

96
Q

This phenomenon when the excited state of the molecule loses some of its energy by interaction to other components of the reaction system

A

QUENCHING PHENOMENON

97
Q
  • Process of separating the charged constituents of a sample by
    means of an electrical current
  • Important instrument for Clinical Chemistry and Molecular
    Biology
A

Electrophoresis

98
Q

2 common methods of Electrophoresis

A

1) Iontophoresis
2) Zone electrophoresis

99
Q
  • Migration of small ions
  • Used in sweat test, Cystic Fibrosis
A

Iontophoresis

100
Q

▪ Migration of charged macromolecules in a
porous support medium
▪ DNA, Proteins, lipoproteins

A

Zone electrophoresis

101
Q

can be used for quantifying the concentrations of the substance that was subjected into the electrophoresis
- device that measures the degree of darkness (optical density) of a photographic or semitransparent material or of a reflecting surface

A

Densitometer

102
Q

Ions with charge

103
Q

Substance that can have a negative, zero or
positive charge depending on conditions
- Positive and negative charge – one at a time

A

Amphoteric

104
Q

molecule containing both acid and base functionality

105
Q

Molecule that has both positive and negative charges at the same time

A

Zwitterion

106
Q

• Negatively charged
• Migrates to the anode

107
Q

positively charged electrode

108
Q

• Positively charged
• Migrates to the cathode

109
Q

negatively charged electrode

110
Q

Supplies constant current or voltage in the system

A

Power supply

111
Q

2 types power supplies used in Electrophoresis

112
Q

helps the ions to move through the support medium

A

Driving force

113
Q

Used to provide ions that carry a current and to maintain the pH at a relatively constant value

114
Q

pH level of Barbital (veronal)

114
Q

pH level of Tris-boric EDTA

115
Q

A network of interacting fibers or a polymer that is solid but traps large amount of solvent in pores or channel inside

A

Support Medium

116
Q
  • Movement of buffer ions and solvent relative to the fixed supports
  • Forms an ionic cloud, preventing the particles that you really want to detect from entering into the support medium
A

Electroendosmosis

117
Q

3 types of support media

A
  1. Cellulose Acetate
  2. Agarose Gel
  3. Polyacrilamide Gel
118
Q

Support media that separates serum proteins into 5 bands

A

Cellulose Acetate

119
Q
  • Support media that separates serum proteins into 10-15 bands
  • Used a purified fraction of agar from the red algae
A

Agarose Gel

120
Q
  • Support media that separates serum proteins into 20 or more
  • Have better resolution
A

Polyacrilamide Gel

121
Q

Wells in the support media where samples are dispensed

122
Q

Detecting system used in electrophoresis

A

Electrophoretogram

123
Q

types of detecting system

A

1) Direct observation
2) Staining
3) Radioactive dye
4) UV visualization
5) Densitometer

124
Q

Detecting system that is useful for diagnosis of wide array of diseases – just look at the medium and you’ll be able to identify the molecules already separated

A

Direct observation

125
Q

Detecting system that is specific for one chemical group

126
Q

Detecting system that used Iodine-125 and very sensitive

A

Radioactive dye

127
Q

It is the simplest detecting system

A

UV visualization

128
Q
  • Detects light that is scattered at various angles
  • Scattered light yields a small signal that must be amplified
A

Nephelometry

129
Q

Instrument used to detects light that is scattered at various angles

A

NEPHELOMETER

130
Q

Angle used in nephelometer to measure the particles

131
Q

act as the monochromator in nephelometer– concentrate the light to
the cuvet

132
Q

Agle of Linear process of turbidimetry similar to spectrophotometry

A

180 degrees angle

132
Q

Measures a reduction in light transmission due to particle
formation

A

TURBIDIMETRY

133
Q

Measurement of the osmolality of an aqueous solution such as
serum, plasma, or urine

134
Q

What are colligative properties in osmolality

A
  1. Osmotic pressure
  2. Boiling point
  3. Freezing point
  4. Vapor pressure
135
Q

most commonly used method in measuring the changes in colligative properties of a solution

A

Freezing-point depression osmometry

136
Q

An electrochemical transducer capable of responding to one
specific ion

A

ION SELECTIVE ELECTRODE (ISE)

137
Q

Used to separate complex mixtures on the basis of different
physical interactions between the individual compounds and
the stationary phase of the system

A

CHROMATOGRAPHY

138
Q

• Solvent or mixture where the sample is added
• Carries the complex mixture (sample)
• Usually solids

A

Mobile phase

139
Q

Where mobile phase flows

A

Stationary phase

140
Q

Holds the stationary phase

141
Q

Separated components through chromatography

142
Q

2 forms of chromatography

A

1) Planar
2) column

143
Q

Used for fractionation of sugar (monosaccharide) and amino acid

A

Paper Chromatography

144
Q

Common of fructose

A

fruit sugar/grape sugar

145
Q

Common name of maltose

A

Malt sugar

146
Q

Common name of lactose

A

Milk sugar

147
Q

-Used for drug screening

A

Thin layer Chromatography

148
Q

2 analytes in urine used for drug testing in the Philippines

A
  • Tetrahydrocannabinol – metabolite for cannabis
  • Methamphetamine – common name: Shabu
149
Q

Gold standard for drug testing especially coupled with GC-MS

A

Gas Chromatography

150
Q

Gas solid chromatography (GSC)

A

Differences in absorption at the solid phase surfaces

151
Q

Preparation occurs by differences in solute partitioning between the gaseous mobile phase and the liquid stationary phase

A

Gas liquid chromatography (GLC)

152
Q

based on the distribution of solutes between liquid mobile
phase and stationary phase

A

Liquid Chromatography

153
Q
  • Used for fractionation of drugs, hormones,
    lipids, carbohydrates and proteins
  • Commonly used in HbA1c
A

High performance liquid chromatography

154
Q

mobile phase is more polar than stationary phase

A

Reverse phase HPLC

155
Q

means the duly recorded, authorized movements, and custody of the seized drugs at each stage, from the moment of confiscation to the receipt in the forensic laboratory for examination until it is presented to the court.

A

Chain of Custody

156
Q

Fragmentation and ionization

A

Mass Chromatography

157
Q

long term monitoring of glucose (3-4 months)

158
Q

Preferred test for HbA1c

A

affinity chromatography

159
Q

Preferred test for HbA1c

A

affinity chromatography

160
Q

Preferred specimen for HbA1c

A

Whole blood (EDTA tube)

161
Q

Hemolyzed sample ______ (decreased,increased) HbA1c

162
Q

Cutoff value of HbA1c

163
Q

Separates molecules based on differences in their size and shape

A

Gel/Gel permeation/Gel filtration/Size exclusion/Molecular Sieve
chromatography

164
Q
  • Separation of enzymes, antibodies, and proteins
  • Examples: Dextran and agarose
A

Hydrophilic Gel (gel filtration)

165
Q
  • Separation of triglyceride and fatty acid
  • Example: sephadex
A

Hydrophobic gel (gel permeation)

166
Q

o Separation of nucleic acids and proteins depends primarily on the sign and ionic charge density
o Separation of amino acids, proteins and nucleic acid

A

Ion Exchange chromatography

167
Q

o Based on relative solubility in an organic solvent (nonpolar) and an aqueous solvent (polar)
o Separation of therapeutic drugs and their metabolites

A

Partition Chromatography (liquid-liquid chromatography)

168
Q

o For lipoproteins, CHO and glycated hemoglobins
o Separate and prepare larger quantities of proteins and Ab for study

A

Affinity Chromatography

169
Q

Based on differences between the adsorption and desorption of
solutes at the surfaces of a solid particle

A

Adsorption Chromatography

4th year 1st Sem Reviewers (5 decks)

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