Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

Types of adaptive immunity

A

Cell Mediated

Humoral immunity

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2
Q

Defects in what can trigger autoimmunity?

A

Any part of the immune system

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3
Q

What is the bodys first line of defence?

A

Sentinel cells

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4
Q

Where are sentinel cells found?

A
Kupffer cells (liver) 
Langerhans cells (skin / mucosa) 
Alveolar macrophages (in lungs) 
Microglia (brain) 
Dendritic cells 
Mast cells and specialised T cells (blood) 
Macrophages
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5
Q

What do sentinel cells lead to?

A

Increased temperature
Complement cascade
Inflammation

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6
Q

Adaptive immunity consists of ….

A

T cells

B cells

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7
Q

Central control of tolerance features

A

Thymus
inactivation of cells required for initiation of immune response
Negative selection ensures only those that work make it out of the thymus

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8
Q

Peripheral control of tolerance features

A

Inhibition of the expression of the immune response

Treg cells - Th17 cells

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9
Q

Types of antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

Professional

Atypical

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10
Q

Types of professional APCs

A

DCs
Macrophages
B cells

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11
Q

Types of atypical APCs

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils
ILC3s

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12
Q

What makes up the major histocompatibility complex?

A

Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)

Chromosome 6

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13
Q

What does a working immune system have?

A
Recognition 
Interaction 
Response
Elimination 
Control and regulation
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14
Q

Does autoimmunity equal autoimmune disease?

A

NO

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15
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Physiological autorecognition with secondary epiphenomena

The failure of an organism in recognising its own constituent parts as non self OR you having immunity to you

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16
Q

Pathology of autoimmunity

A
Cell mediated 
Antibody mediated 
Immune complex autoimmunity 
Environmental 
Genetic
17
Q

Autoimmunity and T1DM

A

Autoreactive T cells against pancreatic islet cell antigens leading to destruction and non-production of insulin

18
Q

Autoimmunity and Crohn’s disease

A

Triggered by a foreign pathogen leading to APC presentation
Autoreactive T cells against intestinal flora antigens leading to lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands
Can be familial (NOD2 gene)

19
Q

Autoimmunity and psoriasis

A

Autoreactive T cells against skin associated antigens

20
Q

What occurs in autoimmune disease?

A

Immune response contributing directly to tissue / organ damage

21
Q

Which gender is more at risk of getting an autoimmune disease?

22
Q

Causes of autoimmune disease

A
Unknown 
Immune regulation 
Hormonal 
- F > M 
Genetic factors
- HLA
Environmental 
- UV / sun 
- Bacterial 
- Chemical agents
23
Q

What is myasthenia gravis a disease against?

24
Q

Pathology of myasthenia gravis

A

Autoreactive T cells and B cell ACH receptor antibodies

25
Presentation of myasthenia gravis
Weakness | Fatigability
26
What is myasthenia gravis associated with?
Thymoma
27
Pathology of MS
T cells specific to myelin, cross the BBB and release cytokines BBB damage, macrophage and Tc cell migration attacks oligodendrocyte Despite Treg cells allowing healing, eventually the damage becomes worse
28
What is MS associated with?
HLA-DR2 | Vit D deficiency
29
Features of organ specific autoimmune disease
Antigens are localised to given organ or tissue Lesions are confined to target organ or tissue They overlap with other organ specific antibodies and diseases
30
Features of non organ specific autoimmune disease
Antigens have widespread distribution throughout the whole body Multiple organs and tissues are affected Immune complexes deposit in joints, skin and kidneys Overlaps with other non organ specific antibodies and diseases
31
Examples of organ specific autoimmune diseases
``` Autoimmune thyroid disease - graves - hashimotos Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anaemia Diabetes mellitus ```
32
Examples of non organ specific autoimmune diseases
SLE RA systemic sclerosis Systemic vasculitis
33
Treatment of autoimmune disease
``` Immunosuppressive therapy Anti-inflammatory therapy Plasmapheresis Stem cell / Bone marrow transplant Replacement of lost physiological factor Organ / tissue / mechanical graft ```