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Haematology and Immunology > Autoimmunity > Flashcards

Autoimmunity Flashcards

1
Q

Types of adaptive immunity

A

Cell Mediated

Humoral immunity

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2
Q

Defects in what can trigger autoimmunity?

A

Any part of the immune system

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3
Q

What is the bodys first line of defence?

A

Sentinel cells

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4
Q

Where are sentinel cells found?

A 
Kupffer cells (liver) 
Langerhans cells (skin / mucosa) 
Alveolar macrophages (in lungs) 
Microglia (brain) 
Dendritic cells 
Mast cells and specialised T cells (blood) 
Macrophages
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5
Q

What do sentinel cells lead to?

A

Increased temperature
Complement cascade
Inflammation

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6
Q

Adaptive immunity consists of ….

A

T cells

B cells

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7
Q

Central control of tolerance features

A

Thymus
inactivation of cells required for initiation of immune response
Negative selection ensures only those that work make it out of the thymus

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8
Q

Peripheral control of tolerance features

A

Inhibition of the expression of the immune response

Treg cells - Th17 cells

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9
Q

Types of antigen presenting cells (APCs)

A

Professional

Atypical

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10
Q

Types of professional APCs

A

DCs
Macrophages
B cells

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11
Q

Types of atypical APCs

A

Mast cells
Basophils
Eosinophils
ILC3s

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12
Q

What makes up the major histocompatibility complex?

A

Human leucocyte antigen (HLA)

Chromosome 6

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13
Q

What does a working immune system have?

A 
Recognition 
Interaction 
Response
Elimination 
Control and regulation
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14
Q

Does autoimmunity equal autoimmune disease?

A

NO

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15
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Physiological autorecognition with secondary epiphenomena

The failure of an organism in recognising its own constituent parts as non self OR you having immunity to you

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16
Q

Pathology of autoimmunity

A 
Cell mediated 
Antibody mediated 
Immune complex autoimmunity 
Environmental 
Genetic
17
Q

Autoimmunity and T1DM

A

Autoreactive T cells against pancreatic islet cell antigens leading to destruction and non-production of insulin

18
Q

Autoimmunity and Crohn’s disease

A

Triggered by a foreign pathogen leading to APC presentation
Autoreactive T cells against intestinal flora antigens leading to lymphocyte infiltration of exocrine glands
Can be familial (NOD2 gene)

19
Q

Autoimmunity and psoriasis

A

Autoreactive T cells against skin associated antigens

20
Q

What occurs in autoimmune disease?

A

Immune response contributing directly to tissue / organ damage

21
Q

Which gender is more at risk of getting an autoimmune disease?

A

F > M

22
Q

Causes of autoimmune disease

A 
Unknown 
Immune regulation 
Hormonal 
- F > M 
Genetic factors
- HLA
Environmental 
- UV / sun 
- Bacterial 
- Chemical agents
23
Q

What is myasthenia gravis a disease against?

A

The NMJ

24
Q

Pathology of myasthenia gravis

A

Autoreactive T cells and B cell ACH receptor antibodies

25
Q

Presentation of myasthenia gravis

A

Weakness

Fatigability

26
Q

What is myasthenia gravis associated with?

A

Thymoma

27
Q

Pathology of MS

A

T cells specific to myelin, cross the BBB and release cytokines
BBB damage, macrophage and Tc cell migration attacks oligodendrocyte
Despite Treg cells allowing healing, eventually the damage becomes worse

28
Q

What is MS associated with?

A

HLA-DR2

Vit D deficiency

29
Q

Features of organ specific autoimmune disease

A

Antigens are localised to given organ or tissue
Lesions are confined to target organ or tissue
They overlap with other organ specific antibodies and diseases

30
Q

Features of non organ specific autoimmune disease

A

Antigens have widespread distribution throughout the whole body
Multiple organs and tissues are affected
Immune complexes deposit in joints, skin and kidneys
Overlaps with other non organ specific antibodies and diseases

31
Q

Examples of organ specific autoimmune diseases

A 
Autoimmune thyroid disease 
- graves
- hashimotos
Myasthenia gravis 
Pernicious anaemia 
Diabetes mellitus
32
Q

Examples of non organ specific autoimmune diseases

A

SLE
RA
systemic sclerosis
Systemic vasculitis

33
Q

Treatment of autoimmune disease

A 
Immunosuppressive therapy 
Anti-inflammatory therapy 
Plasmapheresis 
Stem cell / Bone marrow transplant 
Replacement of lost physiological factor
Organ / tissue / mechanical graft

Haematology and Immunology (18 decks)

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