autoimmunity 2

Question 1

what is organ specific autoimmunity

Answer 1

when the target antigen is specific to a single organ or gland and the effects are limited to that organ

Question 2

what is systemic autoimmunity

Answer 2

when the autoimmunity effects every cell in the body

Question 3

what is pernicious anemia

Answer 3

a type of anemia that happens due to auto antibodies against the membrane-bound proteins found on gastric parietal cells known as the intrinsic factor

Question 4

what does pernicious anaemia cause

Answer 4

locks b12 absorption which is needed for hematopoiesis

Question 5

what is haemtopoiesis

Answer 5

formation of blood cells

Question 6

what does pernicious anaemia cause

Answer 6

less red blood cells, weakness, fatigue, nerve damage and jaundice

Question 7

how can we treat pernicious anaemia

Answer 7

b12 replacement therapy

Question 8

what are two main hormones the thyroid gland makes and what is the function of them/ the thyroid

Answer 8

T3 and T4
regulation metabolism and protein synthesis

Question 9

what regulates the thyroid and where is it produced

Answer 9

thyroid-stimulating hormone
pituitary gland

Question 10

what is a disease of the thyroid that causes lack of activity (two names)

Answer 10

hypothyroidism/ Hashimoto’s disease

Question 11

what is the underlying cause of hypothyroidism

Answer 11

autoreactive antibodies attack the follicles within the thyroid which secrete the thyroid hormones

Question 12

what do the autoreactive blocking antibodies do within the thyroid and what does this lead to

Answer 12

they block the thyroid stimulating receptor and thyroid peroxidase/ thryogloblin
leads to inadequate iodine and thyroid hormone production and secretion

Question 13

what are thyroid peroxidase/ thyroglobulin

Answer 13

they are key hormones/ elements of the formation of thyroid hormone

Question 14

what is grave’s disease

Answer 14

it is a form of autoimmune hyperthyroidism

Question 15

how do autoantibodies cause hyperthyroidism

Answer 15

they work to stimulate the thyroid cell to overproduce thyroxine

Question 16

how is Hashimoto’s disease diagnosed in middle-aged women and what are the symptoms

Answer 16

depression
weight gain, depression, mania, sensitivity to the cold, fatigue, panic

Question 17

what are the symptoms of graves disease

Answer 17

anxiety, irregular heartbeat, fatigue, tremor, exophthalmos

Question 18

what is systemic lupus erythematosus

Answer 18

systemic autoimmune disease that attacks many tissues

Question 19

what are the symptoms of SLE

Answer 19

fever, arthritis, rash, kidney problems, pleurisy

Question 20

what causes SLE

Answer 20

autoantibodies to dna, histones, rbcs with complement activation and immune complex formation

Question 21

how do autoantibodies cause kidney problems in SLE

Answer 21

they bind to the basement membrane in the glomerulus leading to immune complex inflammation

Question 22

how can autoantibodies affect nucleic acids

Answer 22

when cells are under stress or dying, they can release nucleic acids and autoantibodies will bind to these can this can activate dendritic cells

Question 23

how does MS develop

Answer 23

-the BBB is permeable to leukocytes and blood proteins
-t cells interact with b cells and microglia
-antibodies and cytokines are released
-these attack and demylienate

Question 24

what can cause autoimmune disease

Answer 24

-release of sequestered antigens
-molecular mimicry by infectious agents
-inappropriate MHC class 2 activation
-polyclonal activation of b cells

Question 25

what happens in type 1 diabetes

Answer 25

immune cells attack beta cells in the pancreas which leads to more glucose in the blood

Question 26

why does the t cell attack the beta cell

Answer 26

it recognises the protein from the eta cell of foreign and kills it so no insulin is made

Question 27

how can we treate autoimmune disease

Answer 27

-immunosupression
-immunomodulation
-antinflamm drugs
-blockage of TCR and MHC
-reestablishing tolerance