autoimmunity 2 Flashcards
what is organ specific autoimmunity
when the target antigen is specific to a single organ or gland and the effects are limited to that organ
what is systemic autoimmunity
when the autoimmunity effects every cell in the body
what is pernicious anemia
a type of anemia that happens due to auto antibodies against the membrane-bound proteins found on gastric parietal cells known as the intrinsic factor
what does pernicious anaemia cause
locks b12 absorption which is needed for hematopoiesis
what is haemtopoiesis
formation of blood cells
what does pernicious anaemia cause
less red blood cells, weakness, fatigue, nerve damage and jaundice
how can we treat pernicious anaemia
b12 replacement therapy
what are two main hormones the thyroid gland makes and what is the function of them/ the thyroid
T3 and T4
regulation metabolism and protein synthesis
what regulates the thyroid and where is it produced
thyroid-stimulating hormone
pituitary gland
what is a disease of the thyroid that causes lack of activity (two names)
hypothyroidism/ Hashimoto’s disease
what is the underlying cause of hypothyroidism
autoreactive antibodies attack the follicles within the thyroid which secrete the thyroid hormones
what do the autoreactive blocking antibodies do within the thyroid and what does this lead to
they block the thyroid stimulating receptor and thyroid peroxidase/ thryogloblin
leads to inadequate iodine and thyroid hormone production and secretion
what are thyroid peroxidase/ thyroglobulin
they are key hormones/ elements of the formation of thyroid hormone
what is grave’s disease
it is a form of autoimmune hyperthyroidism
how do autoantibodies cause hyperthyroidism
they work to stimulate the thyroid cell to overproduce thyroxine
how is Hashimoto’s disease diagnosed in middle-aged women and what are the symptoms
depression
weight gain, depression, mania, sensitivity to the cold, fatigue, panic
what are the symptoms of graves disease
anxiety, irregular heartbeat, fatigue, tremor, exophthalmos
what is systemic lupus erythematosus
systemic autoimmune disease that attacks many tissues
what are the symptoms of SLE
fever, arthritis, rash, kidney problems, pleurisy
what causes SLE
autoantibodies to dna, histones, rbcs with complement activation and immune complex formation
how do autoantibodies cause kidney problems in SLE
they bind to the basement membrane in the glomerulus leading to immune complex inflammation
how can autoantibodies affect nucleic acids
when cells are under stress or dying, they can release nucleic acids and autoantibodies will bind to these can this can activate dendritic cells
how does MS develop
-the BBB is permeable to leukocytes and blood proteins
-t cells interact with b cells and microglia
-antibodies and cytokines are released
-these attack and demylienate
what can cause autoimmune disease
-release of sequestered antigens
-molecular mimicry by infectious agents
-inappropriate MHC class 2 activation
-polyclonal activation of b cells
