Autoimmune diseases II

Question 1

In autoimmune disease, what is tolerance lost to

Answer 1

self-antigens

Question 2

What immune responses are directed towards normal body components in AID

Answer 2

chronic adaptive immune responses

Question 3

2 things AID’s can do to cells/tissues

Answer 3

destroy or alter their functions

Question 4

antigens

Answer 4

molecules or molecular fragments that can be bound by an MHC molecule and presented to a T-cell receptor

Question 5

autoantigens

Answer 5

self-antigens (an antigenic component / amino acid sequence) of the body that can provoke an immune response by the individual’s own immune system

Question 6

2 types of inappropriate autoimmune responses to self-antigens

Answer 6

humoral mechanisms - B-cells and antibodies

cell-mediated mechanisms - T-cells and cytokines

Question 7

whats the function of b cells

Answer 7

Create antibody proteins

Question 8

What activates b cells to produce antibodies (produced when the t helper cell receptor is activated)

Answer 8

cytokines

Question 9

clonal selection

Answer 9

immune cells recognize and respond to specific antigens by producing clones of cells that are specific for that antigen.

in autoimmune disorders, clonal selection refers to the expansion of autoreactive clones of B or T cells that recognize self-antigens

Question 10

central tolerance

Answer 10

Regulation of B- & T-cells proliferating in the thymus & bone marrow. they are un-reactive to self-antigen

Question 11

what can cause central tolerance to be disrupted in autoimmune disease, leading to the development of autoreactive immune cells

Answer 11

genetic mutations or viral infections

Question 12

what selects and eliminates auto-reactive of T-cells in central tolerance

Answer 12

the thymus

Question 13

what does the thymus do to T-cells with high binding
for self-antigens

Answer 13

negatively selects, and induces apoptosis to them

Question 14

Thymocytes

Answer 14

immature T cells derived from stem cells, that develop in the thymus gland

Question 15

what part of the thymus contains only mature single- positive T cells, which leave and enter the bloodstream

Answer 15

medulla

Question 16

what Thymocytes are eliminated or inactivated through negative selection

Answer 16

Those that recognize self-antigens too strongly

Question 17

how can Autoimmune T-cells can be activated in a non-specific way by infection

Answer 17

inflammation/reduced regulation by cytokines

Question 18

Inappropriate expression of what activates B- or cytotoxic T-cells

Answer 18

class II MHC

Question 19

pancreatic b-cells express high levels of class II MHC in what disease

Answer 19

diabetes

Question 20

What release by T cells do viruses promote which can increase class II MHC expression and help induce an autoimmune disease following a viral infection

Answer 20

Interferon-g release

Question 21

whats Interferon-g (IFN-g)

Answer 21

a type of cytokine produced by activated T cells and natural killer (NK) cells

Question 22

what does IFN-g contribute to in AID

Answer 22

development of chronic inflammation and tissue damage

Question 23

where do B cells that successfully pass central tolerance checkpoints leave the bone marrow and travel to to be subjected to further tolerance mechanisms

Answer 23

the spleen

Question 24

what has to be available when autoreactive B-cells migrate to the T cell area of secondary lymphoid tissues to cause disease

Answer 24

T cells

Question 25

What transcription factor plays a crucial role in preventing the development of autoimmune diseases

Answer 25

AIRE (Autoimmune Regulator)

Question 26

what disorders are due to mutations in the AIRE gene

Answer 26

Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Syndrome Type I

Question 27

in Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy Syndrome Type I disorders, what don’t function properly

Answer 27

multiple endocrine glands (parathyroid and adrenal)

Question 28

what cells (regulatory elements) are critical in maintaining immune tolerance and homeostasis of the immune system

Answer 28

FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells

Question 29

3 things tregs can express

Answer 29

Express CD4/CD25 & FoxP3

Question 30

whats foxp3 crucial in

Answer 30

immune suppression

Question 31

4 mechanisms treg cells use

Answer 31

inhibitory cytokines
cytolysis
metabolic disruption
targeting dendritic cells

Question 32

4 mechanisms treg cells use

Answer 32

inhibitory cytokines
cytolysis
metabolic disruption
targeting dendritic cells

Question 33

what is peripheral tolerance

Answer 33

Immunological tolerance developed after autoreactive T and B cells matures and enter the periphery. It enables the immune system to recognize and tolerate self-antigens or non-harmful foreign antigens in the body.

Question 34

immunological ignorance