Auto-immune diseases

Question 1

auto immunity

Answer 1

The immune response of auto Ab against self Ag
Humoral or cell-mediated immune response against the components of the own cells/tissues.

Question 2

Auto antibody

Answer 2

An antibody made against substances formed by a person’s own body

Question 3

Auto/self- antigens

Answer 3

Normal antigens mistakenly attacked by the immune system, leading to autoimmune diseases

Antigens present in one’s own cells

Question 4

Autoimmune diseases

Answer 4

group of disorders in which tissue injury is caused by humoral (by auto-antibodies) or cell-mediated immune response (by auto-reactive T cells) to self-antigens.

Question 5

what immune response is involved in autoimmune disease

Answer 5

adaptive (B-cells (humoral immunity) & T-cells (cellular immunity))
develop immunological memory

Question 6

4 Causes of Autoimmune Diseases

Answer 6

Sequestered or Hidden antigens
Neo antigens
Molecular mimicry
Loss of Immunoregulation

Question 7

what are neo antigens

Answer 7

Altered or Modified Antigens – by physical (irradiation), chemical (drugs) or microbial agents (intracellular viruses)

Question 8

Molecular mimicry

Answer 8

Similarities between foreign and self-peptides favour the activation of autoreactive T or B cells by a foreign-derived antigen in a susceptible individual.

Question 9

what causes loss of immunoregulation

Answer 9

over activity or lowered activity of T and B- cells

Question 10

most common autoimmune disease (over 3% adult women)

Answer 10

thyroid diseases (Graves/ Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)

Question 11

1% of general population have what autoimmune disease

Answer 11

rheumatoid arthiritis

Question 12

brain autoimmune diseases

Answer 12

myasthenia gravis
Lambert-eaton syndrome

Question 13

skin autoimmune diseases

Answer 13

psoriasis
vitiligo
pemphigus vulgaris

Question 14

blood autoimmune diseases

Answer 14

haemolytic anaemia
thrombocytopenic purpura

Question 15

endocrine autoimmune diseases

Answer 15

graves disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
type I diabetes

Question 16

what do autoantibodies do in type I diabetes

Answer 16

Target insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase and specific β-cell proteins, so CD8+ T cells mediate cell destruction

Question 17

what does graves disease commonly causes

Answer 17

hyperthyroidism (thyroid enlargement due to thyroid hormone overproduction)

Question 18

what levels are increased in graves disease

Answer 18

• T3 (triiodothyronine)
• T4 (thyroxine)
• Persistent TSHr stimulation

Question 19

2 treatments for graves disease

Answer 19

• Thyroidectomy
• Anti-thyroid drugs (carbimazole)
• Radioiodine-131

Question 20

what does thyroid do in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 20

not make enough thyroid hormone

Question 21

what is thyroid like in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 21

enlarged, inflamed, underactive

Question 22

what levels are increased in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 22

TSH

Question 23

treatment for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 23

Replacement therapy (Lthyroxine/ Liothyronine)
Natural desiccated thyroid (NDT)

Question 24

symptoms of myasthenia Gravis

Answer 24

Weakness of the eye muscles (ocular myasthenia)
facial muscles affects (Speech/vision)

Question 25

lambert-eaton syndrome

Answer 25

immune system attacks the connections between nerves and muscles.

Question 26

what influx do ab's in lambert-eaton syndrome decrease

Answer 26

Decreases Ca2+ influx into the nerve terminal as antibodies go to the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

Question 27

lambert-eaton syndrome symptoms

Answer 27

ataxia Proximal & distal muscle weakness (Legs, arms, eyes, throat)

Question 28

lambert-eaton syndrome treatment

Answer 28

3,4-diamino pyridine to block efflux of potassium ions, prolonging depolarisation (keeps calcium channels open longer) - so acetylcholine vessels fuse and release neurotransmitter better.

Question 29

Haemolytic anaemia

Answer 29

IgG and IgM autoantibodies bind to RBCs and activate complement RBCs become spherocytic and are phagocytosed by macrophages (haemolysis)

Question 30

Haemolytic anaemia symptoms

Answer 30

fatigue paleness jaundice fever

Question 31

Thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 31

the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets Antibodies (IgG) to platelet surface glycoproteins

Question 32

Thrombocytopenic purpura symptoms

Answer 32

Bleeding, bruising, rash (pupuric)

Question 33

what are haematomas in Thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 33

small lumps underneath the skin made of clotted blood

Question 34

3 features of systemic AI diseases

Answer 34

IgG auto-antibodies formed against cellular components Periods of intense inflammation followed by periods of relative calm (remissions) Immune complexes (e.g. Rheumatoid factors) form when IgM, IgG and IgA autoantibodies bind to the Fc region of human IgG

Question 35

what do autoantibodies attack in multiple sclerosis

Answer 35

myelin sheath

Question 36

Dermatomyositis

Answer 36

autoimmune inflammation of the skin and underlying muscle tissue (symmetrical muscle weakness)

Question 37

what cells infiltrate into muscle in dermatomyositis

Answer 37

T cells

Question 38

what are Gottron's papules in dermatomyositis

Answer 38

red areas overlying the knuckles

Question 39

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Answer 39

a systemic autoimmune disorder that usually affects the joints of wrists, hands, elbows, shoulders, knees and ankles symmetrically synovial membranes (synovium) of the joints become inflamed and produce excess fluid, which accumulates in the joint Cartilage becomes rough and pitted, and bones often become eroded

Question 40

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

Answer 40

an autoimmune condition affecting the brain and nerves Destruction of the myelin sheath Sensory and visual disturbances

Question 41

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Answer 41

Autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys or blood vessels.

Question 42

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus symptoms

Answer 42

fatigue, pain (muscle/joint), weakness, facial rash (butterfly rash)

Question 43

What test do 98% of all people with systemic lupus test positive in when diagnosing

Answer 43

ANA test (ab's produced by immune system)

Question 44

Sjӧgrens syndrome

Answer 44

autoimmune disease that affects the body's moisture-producing (lacrimal and salivary) glands and some other organs (muscles, kidneys,lungs) Immune cells target glands

Question 45

Sjӧgrens syndrome symptoms

Answer 45

dry eye and mouth headaches difficulty concentrating swelling and pain in your joints heartburn swollen glands numbness or tingling