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Immunology > Auto-immune diseases > Flashcards

Auto-immune diseases Flashcards

1
Q

auto immunity

A

The immune response of auto Ab against self Ag
Humoral or cell-mediated immune response against the components of the own cells/tissues.

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2
Q

Auto antibody

A

An antibody made against substances formed by a person’s own body

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3
Q

Auto/self- antigens

A

Normal antigens mistakenly attacked by the immune system, leading to autoimmune diseases

Antigens present in one’s own cells

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4
Q

Autoimmune diseases

A

group of disorders in which tissue injury is caused by humoral (by auto-antibodies) or cell-mediated immune response (by auto-reactive T cells) to self-antigens.

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5
Q

what immune response is involved in autoimmune disease

A

adaptive (B-cells (humoral immunity) & T-cells (cellular immunity))
develop immunological memory

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6
Q

4 Causes of Autoimmune Diseases

A

Sequestered or Hidden antigens
Neo antigens
Molecular mimicry
Loss of Immunoregulation

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7
Q

what are neo antigens

A

Altered or Modified Antigens – by physical (irradiation), chemical (drugs) or microbial agents (intracellular viruses)

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8
Q

Molecular mimicry

A

Similarities between foreign and self-peptides favour the activation of autoreactive T or B cells by a foreign-derived antigen in a susceptible individual.

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9
Q

what causes loss of immunoregulation

A

over activity or lowered activity of T and B- cells

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10
Q

most common autoimmune disease (over 3% adult women)

A

thyroid diseases (Graves/ Hashimoto’s thyroiditis)

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11
Q

1% of general population have what autoimmune disease

A

rheumatoid arthiritis

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12
Q

brain autoimmune diseases

A

myasthenia gravis
Lambert-eaton syndrome

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13
Q

skin autoimmune diseases

A

psoriasis
vitiligo
pemphigus vulgaris

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14
Q

blood autoimmune diseases

A

haemolytic anaemia
thrombocytopenic purpura

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15
Q

endocrine autoimmune diseases

A

graves disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis
type I diabetes

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16
Q

what do autoantibodies do in type I diabetes

A

Target insulin, glutamic acid decarboxylase and specific β-cell proteins, so CD8+ T cells mediate cell destruction

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17
Q

what does graves disease commonly causes

A

hyperthyroidism (thyroid enlargement due to thyroid hormone overproduction)

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18
Q

what levels are increased in graves disease

A
  • T3 (triiodothyronine)
  • T4 (thyroxine)
  • Persistent TSHr stimulation
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19
Q

2 treatments for graves disease

A
  • Thyroidectomy
  • Anti-thyroid drugs (carbimazole)
  • Radioiodine-131
20
Q

what does thyroid do in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

not make enough thyroid hormone

21
Q

what is thyroid like in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

enlarged, inflamed, underactive

22
Q

what levels are increased in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

TSH

23
Q

treatment for Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

A

Replacement therapy (Lthyroxine/ Liothyronine)
Natural desiccated thyroid (NDT)

24
Q

symptoms of myasthenia Gravis

A

Weakness of the eye muscles (ocular myasthenia)
facial muscles affects (Speech/vision)

25
Q

lambert-eaton syndrome

A

immune system attacks the connections between nerves and muscles.

26
Q

what influx do ab’s in lambert-eaton syndrome decrease

A

Decreases Ca2+ influx into the nerve terminal as antibodies go to the voltage-gated Ca2+ channels

27
Q

lambert-eaton syndrome symptoms

A

ataxia
Proximal & distal muscle weakness (Legs, arms, eyes, throat)

28
Q

lambert-eaton syndrome treatment

A

3,4-diamino pyridine to block efflux of potassium ions, prolonging depolarisation (keeps calcium channels open longer) - so acetylcholine vessels fuse and release neurotransmitter better.

29
Q

Haemolytic anaemia

A

IgG and IgM autoantibodies bind to RBCs and activate complement
RBCs become spherocytic and are phagocytosed by macrophages (haemolysis)

30
Q

Haemolytic anaemia symptoms

A

fatigue
paleness
jaundice
fever

31
Q

Thrombocytopenic purpura

A

the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys platelets
Antibodies (IgG) to platelet surface glycoproteins

32
Q

Thrombocytopenic purpura symptoms

A

Bleeding, bruising, rash (pupuric)

33
Q

what are haematomas in Thrombocytopenic purpura

A

small lumps underneath the skin made of clotted blood

34
Q

3 features of systemic AI diseases

A

IgG auto-antibodies formed against cellular components

Periods of intense inflammation followed by periods of relative calm (remissions)

Immune complexes (e.g. Rheumatoid factors) form when IgM, IgG and IgA autoantibodies bind to the Fc region of human IgG

35
Q

what do autoantibodies attack in multiple sclerosis

A

myelin sheath

36
Q

Dermatomyositis

A

autoimmune inflammation of the skin and underlying muscle tissue (symmetrical muscle weakness)

37
Q

what cells infiltrate into muscle in dermatomyositis

A

T cells

38
Q

what are Gottron’s papules in dermatomyositis

A

red areas overlying the knuckles

39
Q

Rheumatoid Arthritis

A

a systemic autoimmune disorder that usually affects the joints of wrists, hands, elbows, shoulders, knees and ankles symmetrically

synovial membranes (synovium) of the joints become inflamed and produce excess fluid, which accumulates in the joint

Cartilage becomes rough and pitted, and bones often become eroded

40
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

an autoimmune condition affecting the brain and nerves

Destruction of the myelin sheath

Sensory and visual disturbances

41
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

A

Autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks its tissues, causing widespread inflammation and tissue damage in joints, skin, brain, lungs, kidneys or blood vessels.

42
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus symptoms

A

fatigue, pain (muscle/joint),
weakness, facial rash (butterfly rash)

43
Q

What test do 98% of all people with systemic lupus test positive in when diagnosing

A

ANA test (ab’s produced by immune system)

44
Q

Sjӧgrens syndrome

A

autoimmune disease that affects the body’s moisture-producing (lacrimal and salivary) glands and some other organs (muscles, kidneys,lungs)

Immune cells target glands

45
Q

Sjӧgrens syndrome symptoms

A

dry eye and mouth
headaches
difficulty concentrating
swelling and pain in your joints
heartburn
swollen glands
numbness or tingling

Immunology (13 decks)

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