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Pathology 3: Bone and Joint Pathologies > Autoimmune Diseases > Flashcards

Autoimmune Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

___________ - is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system of the body attacks its own tissues, its own cartilage and joint linings. More common in women

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA]

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2
Q

What is the primary symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

inflammation of the synovial membrane

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3
Q

An abnormal granulation tissue that adheres to the surface of the articular cartilage and erodes the cartilage.

A

pannus

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4
Q

Common deformity in Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A

Swan neck and Boutonniere
presentation

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5
Q

Firm bumps of tissue under the skin of the arms.

A

rheumatoid nodules

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6
Q

The following are signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis . Except:

  1. Small joints are affected first
  2. Joint pain
  3. Joint swelling [bilateral symmetry]
  4. Red and puffy hands
  5. Rheumatoid nodules
  6. Fatigue
  7. Afternoon stiffness that may last for hours
  8. Fever
  9. Weight loss
  10. Deformity: Swan neck and Boutonniere presentation
  11. Flare-ups and remissions
A

Except: 7

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7
Q

What are the complications of Rheumatoid Arthritis?

A
  • Eye inflammation
  • Inflammation around the heart
  • Severe deformity
  • Fatigue
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8
Q

What are the diagnostic test for Rheumatoid Arthritis [RA]?

A

Symptoms, X-rays, RA factor on blood test

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9
Q

The following are treatments of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Except:

  1. Reduce symptoms and improve function
  2. Immune suppressing medications, analgesics, anti-inflammatory and antibiotic medication.
  3. Surgery [arthroplasty]
  4. Occupational therapy/physical therapy
  5. Gentle exercise
  6. Hydrotherapy
  7. Relaxation and stress relief
  8. Thunder God vine, omega oils and Tai chi have shown to be helpful
A

Except: 2

Antibiotic is not included

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10
Q

Most common type of arthritis in children. Inflammation for at least 6 weeks in children <16 years of age . It is an umbrella term for a group of conditions. This is called:

A

Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis [JRA]

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11
Q

What are the forms of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis ?

A

Pauciarticular JRA

Polyarticular JRA

Systemic JRA

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12
Q

___________ - most common form of JRA. 4 or fewer joints joints is affected, typically the knee is affected.

A

Pauciarticular JRA

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13
Q

________ - aka Still’s Disease. joints and internal organs, for example heart, lungs, spleen are affected.
least common form of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis.

A

Systemic JRA

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14
Q

_________ - 5 or more joints are affected, usually bilateral. Small joints, for example hands and feet similar to the adult variant.

A

Polyarticular JRA

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15
Q

The following are the signs and symptoms of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis [JRA]. Except:

  1. Joint swelling, pain and stiffness
  2. Fever and rash
  3. Discrease range of motion in all forms
  4. Swollen lymph nodes
  5. Eye inflammation (in pauciarticular)
  6. Flares and remissions
  7. Limp
A

Except: 3

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16
Q

What are the complications of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis [JRA]?

A
  • Eye diseases
  • Growth interference
  • May persist into adulthood but is linked to severity
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17
Q

What are the treatment of Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis [JRA]?

A
  • Pain medication and anti-inflammatory
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18
Q

__________ - is a chronic autoimmune, inflammatory disease that affects multiple body systems.Characterized by periods of active disease and remission; symptoms range from mild to life-threatening.

A

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

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19
Q

True or False:

Lupus most often develops between ages 15 and 44 and is 10-15 times more common in males than females.

A

False

more common in females than males

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20
Q

What is the etiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A

Although the cause of SLE is not known, both a genetic predisposition to the disease and environmental factors (infections, antibiotics, ultraviolet light, stress and hormones) may trigger it. Sex hormones appear to influence the development of SLE. The disorder often occurs in females who exhibit extremely low levels of androgens.

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21
Q

An eruption across the bridge of the nose and cheeks. The rash may be erosive and cause scarring. This is called:

A

butterfly rash

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22
Q

The following are signs and symptoms of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Except:

  1. Joint pain, muscle pain, chest pain with deep breaths
  2. headaches, pale or purple fingers or toes
  3. kidney damage, high blood cell count.
  4. nerve or brain dysfunction, slight fever, fatigue
  5. oral ulcers, weight loss, swelling in the legs or around the eyes, enlarged lymph nodes and spleen.
  6. Butterfly Rash
  7. Photosensitivity
A

Except: 3

kidney inflammation, low blood cell count

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23
Q

What are the Two immunological features of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A
  1. excessive activation of B cells.
  2. inappropriate production of autoantibodies against DNA (anti-DNA antibodies) and other components of cellular nuclei such as histone proteins.
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24
Q

What is the most common cause of death in a person with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A

Renal failure

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25
Q

What are the diagnostic procedures to identify
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) ?

A
  1. Signs and symptoms
  2. Low RBC, WBC or platelets
  3. Presence of anti-DNA antibodies in the blood
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26
Q

What is the treatment for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)?

A

There is no cure for lupus, but drug therapy can minimize symptoms, reduce inflammation and forestall flare-ups.

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27
Q

The most commonly used lupus medications are the following. Except:

  1. Pain relievers (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as aspirin and ibuprofen)
  2. Antimalarial drug hydroxychloroquine)
  3. Corticosteroids (prednisone and hydrocortisone).
  4. Antiviral and Antibiotics
A

Except: 4

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28
Q

Is the name given to a group of chronic or long lasting diseases. This group of diseases primarily affect the spine (spondylo) and other joints. This is called:

A

Spondyloarthropathy

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29
Q

the following are group of diseases primarily affect the spine and other joints (Spondyloarthropathy). Except:

  1. ankylosing spondylitis
  2. reactive arthritis (formerly Reiter’s syndrome)
  3. psoriatic arthritis
  4. endohilar arthritis
  5. enteropathic arthritis
  6. undifferentiated Spondyloarthropathy
A

Except: 4

30
Q

Features that is present in Spondyloarthropathy. Except:

  1. A tendency toward inflammatory arthritis of the spine, sacroiliac and other joints of the body
  2. Enthesopathy - which is an inflammation where the ligaments attach to the bone
  3. A tendency to occur in more than one family member
  4. The presence of physical signs or testing markers that are found in other types of arthritis, such as sub cutaneous nodules and a positive blood test for the rheumatoid factor.
A

Except: 4

31
Q

The complete medical term for the group of diseases (Spondyloarthropathy).

A

“seronegative” spondyloarthritides

32
Q

_______ - refers to blood (blood serum).

A

“Sero”

33
Q

________ - indicates that there is usually no rheumatoid factor present in the blood.

A

“negative”

34
Q

Who are affected with Spondyloarthropathy?

A

Men are more likely to get SpA. Psoriatic arthritis, which affects men and women equally, is the exception. Most types of SpA begin around the ages of 15-35.

35
Q

Spondyloarthropathy include spinal involvement and those affected tend to have the gene that makes a protein called:

A

HLA-B27

36
Q

What is the treatment for Spondyloarthropathy?

A

Although there is currently no known cure, there is much you can do to educate yourself regarding spondylitis and its treatments.

Significant advancements in medical treatments that reduce the pain and symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis and related diseases. [Spondylitis Association of America]

37
Q

_____________ - is an inflammatory disease that can cause some of the vertebrae in your spine to fuse together. This fusing makes the spine less flexible and can result in a hunched-forward posture. A severe case can make it impossible for you to lift your head high enough to see forward.

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

38
Q

Who are affected with Ankylosing spondylitis?

A

Ankylosing spondylitis affects men more often than women.

39
Q

True or False:

Signs and symptoms of ankylosing spondylitis typically begin in early adulthood. Inflammation also can occur in other parts of your body such as eyes and bowels.

A

True

40
Q

The following are signs and symptoms of Ankylosing spondylitis. Which is not included?

  1. Chronic low back and hip pain and stiffness
  2. Typically worse in the morning and after prolonged immobility
  3. Kyphosis if left untreated
  4. Feeling of illness and slight fever may occur
  5. Varies between individuals
A

3

41
Q

What are the complications of Ankylosing Spondylitis?

A
  • Vertebral fracture
  • Loss of lung capacity
  • Inflammation of the heart or eye
42
Q

What are the diagnostic procedure to to identify and confirm Ankylosing Spondylitis?

A

Diagnosis
- Symptoms, blood tests for inflammation or genetic tests, x-rays, CT, MRI

43
Q

Treatment of Ankylosing Spondylitis. Except:

There is no cure for ankylosing spondylitis, but treatments can decrease your pain and lessen your symptoms:

  1. Goal is to reduce pain and stiffness and prevent or delay deformity
  2. Physiotherapy, chiropractic, massage, exercise
  3. Range of motion, breathing exercises, stretching
  4. Re-fusion of vertebral joints and joint replacement
  5. Antibiotic and pain medications
  6. Sleep on your back to prevent postural deformity
A

Except: 5

44
Q

__________ - is joint pain and swelling triggered by an infection in another part of your body, most often your intestines, genitals or urinary tract.

A

Reactive arthritis

45
Q

What are the areas affected in Reactive arthritis?

A

The joints in your knees, ankles and feet are the usual targets of reactive arthritis. Inflammation also may affect your eyes, skin and urethra when you have reactive arthritis.

46
Q

Reactive Arthritis is formerly known as:

A

Reiter’s Syndrome

47
Q

Which statement is FALSE regarding Reactive Arthritis?

  1. Although reactive arthritis is sometimes called Reiter’s syndrome, Reiter’s is actually a specific type of reactive arthritis.
  2. In Reiter’s, inflammation typically affects the ears and kidney, as well as your joints.
  3. Reactive arthritis isn’t common. For most people, signs and symptoms of reactive arthritis come and go, eventually disappearing within 12 months
  4. almost exclusively seen in males and HLAB27 positive in 90% of patients
A

False: 2

In Reiter’s, inflammation typically affects the eyes and
urethra, as well as your joints.

48
Q

The following are causes of Reactive Arthritis. Which is not included?

Common bacterial causes include:

  1. Chlamydia
  2. Salmonella
  3. Clostridium
  4. Shigella
  5. Yersinia
  6. Campylobacter from sexual contact or food.

Note that many people are exposed to these agents and do not develop reactive arthritis

A

3

49
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Reactive Arthritis?

A

A triad of eye, urethra and joint inflammation:

  • polyarthritis
  • conjunctivitis
  • urethritis
50
Q

True or False:

Treatment of Reactive Arthritis includes:

  • Antibiotics
  • Anti-inflammatories
  • Physical therapy
  • Learn safe food preparation and practice safe sex
A

True

51
Q

HLAB27 positive with immune cause. Joint disease is usually mild and slowly progressive . Joint pain, stiffness and swelling in any joint of the body is typical. Some patients with psoriasis develop arthritis. This conditions is called:

A

Psoriatic Arthritis

52
Q

Treatment focus in patient with Psoriatic Arthritis.

A

Treatment focuses on relieving pain and swelling and preventing deformity

53
Q

____________ - is a form of chronic, inflammatory arthritis associated with the occurrence of an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), the two best-known types of which are ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. Affects 25% of IBD sufferers.

A

Enteropathic arthritis

54
Q

What are the manifestations of Enteropathic Arthritis?

A

The most common areas affected by enteropathic arthritis are inflammation of the peripheral joints, as well as the abdominal pain and possibly bloody diarrhea associated with the IBD component of the disease. In some cases, the entire spine can become involved as well.

55
Q

True or False:

The Spondylitis Association of America states that: Some researchers believe that the long-lasting inflammation found in the intestines of people with IBD damages the bowel, which in turn may allow bacterial growth and distruct bowel enzymes then circulate through the blood stream. The body’s reaction to these damaged enzymes may cause other problems including inflammation in the joints and/or spine, skin sores and inflammation of the eyes.

A

False

The Spondylitis Association of America states that: Some researchers believe that the long-lasting inflammation found in the intestines of people with IBD damages the bowel, which in turn may allow bacteria to enter the damaged bowel wall and circulate through the blood stream. The body’s reaction to these bacteria may cause other problems including inflammation in the joints and/or spine, skin sores and inflammation of the eyes.

56
Q

What are the treatment of Enteropathic Arthritis?

A
  • Treat flare ups
  • Control underlying disease
  • Antibiotics and antiinflammatories
57
Q

__________ - is an intensely painful infection in a joint. Bacteria, or less commonly fungi, can spread from other infected areas in your body to a joint.

A

Septic arthritis

58
Q

Septic Arthritis is also known as:

A

Acute Suppurative Arthritis or Infectious Arthritis

59
Q

True or False:

Pathogenesis

In septic arthritis, bacteria infiltrate your joint — usually just one and damages it, causing severe pain, warmth and swelling.

A

True

60
Q

What are the most commonly target areas in Septic Arthritis?

A

knee, though other joints can be affected, including your ankle, hip, wrist, elbow and shoulder.

61
Q

Who are commonly affected with Septic Arthritis?

A

Young children and older adults are most likely to develop septic arthritis.

62
Q

Treatment of Septic Arthritis includes the following. Except:

  1. Antibiotics
  2. Anti-inflammatory medication or natural alternatives
  3. Joint aspiration
  4. Gentle return to activity to prevent muscle weakness
  5. Surgery
  6. If treated within a week after symptoms first appear, most people make a complete recovery.
A

Except: 5

63
Q

________ - is a complex form of arthritis characterized by sudden, severe attacks of pain, redness and tenderness in joints, often the joint at the base of the big toe. Occurs when urate crystals accumulate around your joint, causing the inflammation and intense pain of a gout attack.

A

Gout

64
Q

Who are commonly affected with Gout?

A

Gout can affect anyone. Men are more likely to get gout, but women become increasingly susceptible to gout after menopause.

65
Q

True or False:

Normally, uric acid dissolves in your blood and passes through your kidneys into your urine. But sometimes your body either produces too much uric acid or your kidneys excrete too little uric acid. When this happens, uric acid can build up, forming sharp, needle-like urate crystals in a joint or surrounding tissue that cause pain, inflammation and swelling.

A

True

66
Q

________ - is increased blood levels of uric acid.

A

Hyperuricemia

67
Q

________ - Sodium urate crystals accumulate in joints in chronic gout.

A

tophi

68
Q

The following are risk factors of Gout. Except:

  1. Diet high in purines
  2. Binge eating or drinking
  3. Decrease daily activity
  4. Certain cancers - leukemia, lymphomas, chemotherapy
A

Except: 3

69
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Gout?

A
  • Sudden onset for acute attacks
  • Pain, swelling, loss of function
  • Painful and red great toe
  • Occurs mostly in big toe, instep and heel
70
Q

Painful and red great toe in gout is also known as:

A

podagra

71
Q

What is the test to determine gout?

A

Aspirated joint fluid - will show uric acid crystals

72
Q

The following are treatment for Gout. Which is not included?

  1. Pain medication
  2. Anti-inflammatories
  3. drugs that block uric acid creation
  4. dietary changes
  5. vitamin A, milk and cherries help, along with adequate water intake
  6. Decreased alcohol and protein intake.
A

5

vitamin C, coffee and cherries help, along with adequate water intake.

Pathology 3: Bone and Joint Pathologies (6 decks)

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