Autoimmune Diseases

Question 1

What factors contribute to the development of autoimmune diseases?

Answer 1

Susceptibility genes and environmental triggers

Question 2

What are the two main types of immunological tolerance?

Answer 2

Central tolerance and peripheral tolerance

Question 3

What is central tolerance?

Answer 3

Deletion of self-reactive B and T lymphocytes during maturation in the thymus or bone marrow

Question 4

What are the characteristic features of Sjögren syndrome?

Answer 4

Dry eyes and dry mouth due to immune-mediated destruction of lacrimal and salivary glands

Question 5

What type of antibodies characterize systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Answer 5

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA)

Question 6

What are rheumatoid factors in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer 6

Autoantibodies

Question 7

What is the hallmark of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Answer 7

Autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA and Smith antigen (Sm)

Question 8

What is molecular mimicry in autoimmunity?

Answer 8

Microbial antigens share sequences with self-antigens, leading to immune responses against self-tissues

Question 9

What cells are destroyed in type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 9

Beta cells

Question 10

What type of rash is characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus?

Answer 10

Malar (butterfly) rash

Question 11

What happens in autoimmune hemolytic anemia?

Answer 11

The immune system targets and destroys red blood cells (RBCs)

Question 12

In autoimmune thrombocytopenia, what do autoantibodies target?

Answer 12

Platelets

Question 13

What tissues are targeted by autoantibodies in Goodpasture syndrome?

Answer 13

Basement membrane of the kidneys and lungs

Question 14

What cells are targeted in autoimmune atrophic gastritis associated with pernicious anemia?

Answer 14

Parietal cells

Question 15

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for tissue damage in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Answer 15

Type III hypersensitivity (immune complex-mediated)

Question 16

What is the hallmark skin manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)?

Answer 16

Butterfly (malar) rash

Question 17

In Goodpasture syndrome, which specific chain of collagen is targeted by autoantibodies?

Answer 17

Alpha-3 chain of type IV collagen

Question 18

Which systemic autoimmune disease often involves non-erosive synovitis of the joints?

Answer 18

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)

Question 19

What percentage of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus develop lupus nephritis?

Answer 19

About 50%

Question 20

What is pannus in rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer 20

Abnormal layer of fibrovascular tissue

Question 21

What type of antibodies are associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA)?

Answer 21

Antibodies to citrulline-modified peptides (CCP antibody)

Question 22

Which glands are primarily affected in Sjögren syndrome?

Answer 22

Lacrimal and salivary glands

Question 23

What is the hallmark pathological process in systemic sclerosis (scleroderma)?

Answer 23

Excessive collagen deposition

Question 24

Which autoantibody is associated with systemic sclerosis?

Answer 24

Anti-Scl-70 (topoisomerase I)

Question 25

What organs are primarily affected in granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s granulomatosis)?

Answer 25

Lungs, blood vessels, and kidneys