Autoimmune diseases Flashcards
2 similarities of AIDs and hypersensitivity
both involve IS and can result in body attacking itself
similar symptoms - rash, fever, fatigue, joint pain, tissue damage, inflammation
2 differences of AIDs and hypersensitivity
AIDs - IS mistakenly targets and attacks own healthy cells = tissue damage, inflammation, organ dysfunction
Hypersen - IS overreacts to foreign allergen = tissue damage and inflammation
AIDs are chronic conditions that can persist, whereas hypersen are usually acute and resolve once the substance is removed.
what is self tolerance
IS ability to recognise and tolerate body’s own antigens without mounting immune response against them
what is self-tolerance like in autoimmune diseases
lost as the IS begins to attack body’s own tissues
what cells are activated once self-tolerance is lost and can migrate into affected tissues
autoreactive T cells (TH17 CD4 T cells)
what do TH17 CD4 T cells produce which contribute to tissue damage and inflammation in autoimmune diseases
pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17)
what are autoantibodies
Antibodies that IS produces against the body’s own proteins due to dysregulation in autoimmune disease
What can autoantibodies form which contributes to tissue damage and inflammation
immune complexes
what does HLA system help immune system do by presenting peptides derived from foreign/ self-antigens to t cells
distinguish between self and non-self
what sex is more susceptible to AID
women
what can tertiary lymphoid tissue lead to in the affected tissue after formation
immune cell accumulation (t cells, b cells, APCs) - production of local autoantibodies
what is epitope spreading (where antibody attaches itself on antigen) - which can occur in autoimmune diseases due to tissue damage
process in which immune responses broaden to target additional epitopes on specific antigens
What factor can be associated with rheumatoid arthritis and sympathetic ophthalmia
genetics increasing disease development
2 other factors linked to rheumatoid arthritis
env - smoking, pollutants
gender - women more likely
age - 40-60 more common
2 other factors linked to sympathetic ophthalmia
trauma/surgery to one eye
caused by autoimmune response
what does the IS do in the AID type 1 diabetes
attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in pancreas (beta cells) which decreases insulin production and increases blood glucose levels
what gene involved in type 1 diabetes
genes in HLA on chm6
what cells develop and mature in thymus
T cells
what does thymus senescence (declining with age) cause
reduces t cell production
generation of autoreactive T cells (cause autoimmune responses)
what gland does graves disease affect
thyroid
what condition does thyroid cause in graves disease due to hormone secretion
hyperthyroidism - too much thyroid hormone due to antibodies stimulating thyroid
symtpoms of graves disease
weight loss
rapid heartbeat
sweating
anxiety
fatigue
eye problems
what sex are more likely to develop graves disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
women
What happens to thyroid hormone production in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and why
hormone production decreases as ab’s attack thyroid and damage it
what happens in AI hemolytic anaemia
RBCs are destroyed faster than produced, so is a shortage due to IS attacking its own RBCs and mistakes them as foreign
what does Lambert -eaton syndrome affecy
muscular junction (connection between nerve cells and muscles)
what is AI thrombocytopenic purpura characterised by
low platelet count as IS destroys them
symptoms of AI thrombocytopenic purpura
bruising, bleeding, petechiae, fatigue
how does IS cause rheumatoid arthritis - leading to inflammation, erosion of bone and cartilage and joint deformity
mistakenly attacks synovial membrane (tissue lining joints)
what does IS damage in multiple sclerosis
the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibres and helps them transmit messages from brain and body
Multiple sclerosis symptoms
muscle weakness
balance and coordination problems
speech problems
vision problem
cognitive impairment
What gene plays a crucial role in the development of immune tolerance (recognise and tolerance self-antigens)
AIRE (autoimmune regulator) - in thymus gland
what are tregs in AI disease
regulatory T cells
maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmunity
what transcription factor is essential for development and function of tregs
FOXP3
What is an essential process for preventing autoimmune disease by making sure IS only responds to foreign antigen
central tolerance (IS eliminates self-reactive immune cells during development)
