Autoimmune diseases

Question 1

2 similarities of AIDs and hypersensitivity

Answer 1

both involve IS and can result in body attacking itself

similar symptoms - rash, fever, fatigue, joint pain, tissue damage, inflammation

Question 2

2 differences of AIDs and hypersensitivity

Answer 2

AIDs - IS mistakenly targets and attacks own healthy cells = tissue damage, inflammation, organ dysfunction

Hypersen - IS overreacts to foreign allergen = tissue damage and inflammation

AIDs are chronic conditions that can persist, whereas hypersen are usually acute and resolve once the substance is removed.

Question 3

what is self tolerance

Answer 3

IS ability to recognise and tolerate body’s own antigens without mounting immune response against them

Question 4

what is self-tolerance like in autoimmune diseases

Answer 4

lost as the IS begins to attack body’s own tissues

Question 5

what cells are activated once self-tolerance is lost and can migrate into affected tissues

Answer 5

autoreactive T cells (TH17 CD4 T cells)

Question 6

what do TH17 CD4 T cells produce which contribute to tissue damage and inflammation in autoimmune diseases

Answer 6

pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17)

Question 7

what are autoantibodies

Answer 7

Antibodies that IS produces against the body’s own proteins due to dysregulation in autoimmune disease

Question 8

What can autoantibodies form which contributes to tissue damage and inflammation

Answer 8

immune complexes

Question 9

what does HLA system help immune system do by presenting peptides derived from foreign/ self-antigens to t cells

Answer 9

distinguish between self and non-self

Question 10

what sex is more susceptible to AID

Answer 10

women

Question 11

what can tertiary lymphoid tissue lead to in the affected tissue after formation

Answer 11

immune cell accumulation (t cells, b cells, APCs) - production of local autoantibodies

Question 12

what is epitope spreading (where antibody attaches itself on antigen) - which can occur in autoimmune diseases due to tissue damage

Answer 12

process in which immune responses broaden to target additional epitopes on specific antigens

Question 13

What factor can be associated with rheumatoid arthritis and sympathetic ophthalmia

Answer 13

genetics increasing disease development

Question 14

2 other factors linked to rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 14

env - smoking, pollutants

gender - women more likely

age - 40-60 more common

Question 15

2 other factors linked to sympathetic ophthalmia

Answer 15

trauma/surgery to one eye

caused by autoimmune response

Question 16

what does the IS do in the AID type 1 diabetes

Answer 16

attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in pancreas (beta cells) which decreases insulin production and increases blood glucose levels

Question 17

what gene involved in type 1 diabetes

Answer 17

genes in HLA on chm6

Question 18

what cells develop and mature in thymus

Answer 18

T cells

Question 19

what does thymus senescence (declining with age) cause

Answer 19

reduces t cell production

generation of autoreactive T cells (cause autoimmune responses)

Question 20

what gland does graves disease affect

Answer 20

thyroid

Question 21

what condition does thyroid cause in graves disease due to hormone secretion

Answer 21

hyperthyroidism - too much thyroid hormone due to antibodies stimulating thyroid

Question 22

symtpoms of graves disease

Answer 22

weight loss
rapid heartbeat
sweating
anxiety
fatigue
eye problems

Question 23

what sex are more likely to develop graves disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 23

women

Question 24

What happens to thyroid hormone production in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and why

Answer 24

hormone production decreases as ab’s attack thyroid and damage it

Question 25

what happens in AI hemolytic anaemia

Answer 25

RBCs are destroyed faster than produced, so is a shortage due to IS attacking its own RBCs and mistakes them as foreign

Question 26

what does Lambert -eaton syndrome affecy

Answer 26

muscular junction (connection between nerve cells and muscles)

Question 27

what is AI thrombocytopenic purpura characterised by

Answer 27

low platelet count as IS destroys them

Question 28

symptoms of AI thrombocytopenic purpura

Answer 28

bruising, bleeding, petechiae, fatigue

Question 29

how does IS cause rheumatoid arthritis - leading to inflammation, erosion of bone and cartilage and joint deformity

Answer 29

mistakenly attacks synovial membrane (tissue lining joints)

Question 30

what does IS damage in multiple sclerosis

Answer 30

the myelin sheath that surrounds nerve fibres and helps them transmit messages from brain and body

Question 31

Multiple sclerosis symptoms

Answer 31

muscle weakness
balance and coordination problems
speech problems
vision problem
cognitive impairment

Question 32

What gene plays a crucial role in the development of immune tolerance (recognise and tolerance self-antigens)

Answer 32

AIRE (autoimmune regulator) - in thymus gland

Question 33

what are tregs in AI disease

Answer 33

regulatory T cells

maintain immune tolerance and prevent autoimmunity

Question 34

what transcription factor is essential for development and function of tregs

Answer 34

FOXP3

Question 35

What is an essential process for preventing autoimmune disease by making sure IS only responds to foreign antigen

Answer 35

central tolerance (IS eliminates self-reactive immune cells during development)